Psychology of personality. Modern theories of personality. Features of personality of different age-dependent groups. Personality and illness. Internal picture of illness, types of patients. Classification of basic types of attitude toward illness. Influence of attitude toward illness on subsequent run of disease and prognosis, tactic of doctor relatively patients with the pathological types of reacting on illness.
Known as a great variety of people who are heterogeneous individual quality. There are no two absolutely identical people, two of the same individuals.
Individual to individual, that appears in some of its excitability, emotional vulnerability, balance and flow speed of mental activity, call her temperament. The latter is a dynamic characteristic of human behavior.
Physiological basis of temperament
Based on experimental data Pavlov established presence of the following four major types of nervous system:
1) Strong, unbalanced (nevtrymanyy) type of nervous system, which is characterized by strong processes, but without the proper proportions, without vrinovazhennya: both processes are strong, but lags inhibition dominates excitation.
2) A strong, balanced (excitation process is well balanced with the process of braking), agile.
3) A strong, balanced, sedentary (“inert”).
4) Weak, characterized as weak processes of excitation and inhibition.
These types of higher nervous activity, according to Pavlov, correspond to the four temperaments, the existence of which is set back in ancient times, namely: strong, unbalanced – choleric: strong, balanced, agile – sanguine: strong, balanced, inert – stolidly: weak – melancholic .
According to Pavlov’s temperament is most common characteristic of each individual, its most fundamental characteristic of the nervous system, and the latter imposes a particular impression on all the activities of each individual.
Do not think that those four types of temperaments encompass the variety of individual characteristics. In between these main types there are numerous variations and intermediate forms. Nature, reality presents many conversions, many gradations (Pavlov).
Mentioned types of higher nervous activity inherent iot only animals but people.
Individual characteristics of temperament are called neuro-psychological processes of man caused by the type of higher nervous activity. Since ancient Greece distinguish between four temperaments: choleric, sanhvistychnyy, phlegmatic and melancholic. Ivan Pavlov studied the work of the large hemispheres of the brain found that the basis of temperament are individual characteristics of strength, balance and mobility processes of excitation and inhibition. Based on this IP Pavlov allocated four types of nervous system which correspond to the four temperaments:
1.Zbudlyvyy, effusive type. A strong but uneven, with weak braking processes (choleric).
2.Zhvavyy type. A strong, balanced and agile (sanguine).
3.Spokiynyy, slow type. A strong, balanced and sedentary (phlegmatic).
4.Slabkyy type. The processes of excitation and inhibition are poorly developed (melancholic)
Characteristics of basic types of temperaments.
Characteristics of choleric temperament is first that the positive reflexes made it easy and remain stable in various conditions, braking reflexes are produced with difficulty. Disastrous meeting between the two opposing processes – exciting and braking – leading to disruption of nervous activity by inhibition. Choleric type – a type of combat that easily podraznyuyetsya (Pavlov).
For him, a typical cycle in activity and behavior. So with all the passion he is able to devote himself to the cause, very excited about work that interests him, vigorously overcome all sorts of difficulties on the path, then under the influence of unexpected facts (not deserved insult, etc.) it comes “slobbery mood” metaphorically expressed as Pavlov. Variability of mood and behavior in cyclical choleric imbalances resulting from its higher nervous activity, that is the prevailing exciting process, brake failure and in particular the process of cortical and subcortical imbalances activity. Intense activity in the subcortical it is not always sufficiently regulated bark. This is especially observed in difficult circumstances when the people of this type caot find the right solution, as well as strong emotional impact.
Cyclical behavior and feelings, choleric Paul explains this: when a person has a strong balance of excitation and inhibition, she “got carried away to some case, excessively lean on their capabilities and strength, eventually nadryvayetsya, exhausted more than it should, work to crazy.
Will acts choleric choppy. In good spirits, while performing exciting things he is able to strong concentration, but lack the ability to detect complex reactivity and switching attention. Choleric marked irritability and emotional reactivity. Sometimes there emotionally generalization. He is quick-tempered, sharp in a relationship, straight, long time can work tirelessly.
activity leads to various forms of unrestrained type.
While sanguine temperament type conditional reflexes both positive and brake formed easily detected strong and accurate. The collision of two opposing processes in the nerve are still experiencing disruption of higher nervous activity. Sanguine easily excited and as easily hinder your desires. Sanguine hot, very productive worker, but only if it has a lot of interesting things, that is a constant agitation, but if this works there, it starts to get bored, becomes sluggish (Pavlov).
Sanguine person is very active, balanced by nerve processes it easily adapts to new conditions of life, quickly find a contact in relation to the surrounding people celebrated tovaryskistyu iew circle of people holding themselves freely. Among his friends he was gay, cheerful, willing to assume managerial responsibilities. Sanguine feelings arise very easily and just as easy to change. The mood in his most optimistic.
Quick and easy creation of new nerve connections in the temporary sanguine, easy processing, mobility stereotype is found in its flexibility of mental activity. He quickly captured and marked all the new complex reactivity, easy switching of attention. Unconditioned reflex is completely controlled it functionally strong bark. Cortical reaction in intense sanguine and certainly appropriate force stimuli. Characterized sanguine is an optimum interaction cortex and subcortical, causing it to easily control their emotions according to the environment.
Your sanguine temperament also manifested in different ways depending on the orientation of the person. People deprived of their serious interest in life, they are associated with lightness, emptiness, instability and superficiality.
Phlegmatic temperament characterized by the fact that conditional reflexes in people whom he characterized, formed somewhat more slowly than sanguine, but they also appear to be quite persistent. Reactions optimally adapted to the strength of conditioned reflexes, ie the people of this type of reaction on the influence of the environment: weak stimuli cause weak, strong – strong reaction, but because of their inertia, they are ofteot able to respond to rapidly changing environment.
Phlegmatic observed normal interaction between cortical and subcortical processes. This enables them to monitor, detain and control the unconditional reflexes and emotions. In his behavior in conversation they slow, calm and unhurried. Biz they have not expressed. At meetings of the difficulties they increase their activity and in all ways try to overcome obstacles.
Phlegmatic – calm, always equal, persistent and zealous worker life (Paul). He noted perseverance, resistance attention. Switching attention to it a little slow, complex high reactivity. If phlegmatic in braking, which balances the excitation process, it easily gets their impulses and aspirations has focused precisely adheres produced routine life. Adverse external stimuli does not divert from its core work.
Phlegmatic feelings arise slowly than sanguine and choleric, but often characterized by force, duration and at the same time restrained in its external manifestations, a weak expressivity. Iormal conditions, phlegmatic calm, smooth relations with other people, rarely ‘goes out of itself, is not inclined to affect, as sociable, not like useless chatter. He noted a lot of patience and self-control so achieves high productivity of its work. We can assume that the inertia of the nervous system – is small and speed performance in its work, and high durability of certain communications and their systems. Features of his temperament, too, manifested in different ways depending on latitude, the content and importance of public rights and interests of its level of mental development.
Higher nervous activity is characterized by weakness melancholic both exciting and inhibitory processes. Positive conditional reflexes he found unstable, the slightest change of environment easily stalled. Melancholic reactions often do not meet the law of force stimuli. They have particularly weakened by internal braking dominated by external inhibition. As a result, they tend to reject light note, the low reactivity of the complex, non-durable objects of focus. The weakness and instability between braking and braking exciting process leads to the fact that every strong influence on the melancholic side of his associates is stagnant braking conditions.
Melancholic lives through life-changing environment that requires a change of dynamic stereotypes. A man of weak type popadayuchy iew conditions of life, very rozhublyuyetsya (Pavlov). It is likely therefore to asthenic emotions, vulnerable. Feeling melancholic celebrated its slow progress, strong and weak expressivity. For the melancholic is often characterized by passive-defensive reflex, reflex natural caution. Because he is too shy, closed, timid, indecisive. In a quiet and normal for him surrounded melancholic feels good, it turns out great workers and successfully cope with life’s challenges.
We describe the types of temperaments in their pure form are rare in life. Most people combine features of different temperaments. So difficult is to include one or another specific person to a certain temperament.
Temperament – does not determine abilities and deprived of self-importance and a particular temperament itself is neither bad nor good, it becomes one way or another depending on other qualities. For example, at low levels of moral rights choleric temperament traits may be negatively in lack of restraint in abrupt, in susceptibility to affective flashes, which disrupt the activities of this man and others. Conversely, the presence of high social ideals and moral convictions of appropriate sustainable features choleric temperament found in the passion, energy and nevtomnosti, ie as very useful in such an important matter that requires great tension and urgent implementation. Phlegmatic will perform beloved work, whether or not it interesting, though the pace will be somewhat slower performance. Sanguine team rally around him, perfectly “rozryadzhuye” unfavorable conditions. Melancholic is indispensable in cases where the need to address extreme delicacy.
Physicians should take into account the peculiarities of temperament and personality in dealing with patients and their relatives. Remember that for the sanguine and choleric is characterized ekstravertovanist, that their reactions and activities depend mainly on the action of external factors that cause certain experiences in the moment. For the phlegmatic and melancholic introvertovanist is characterized, and their activity is largely determined by ideas and opinions related to past and future. Therefore, if the sanguine and choleric immediately react to your comments, the phlegmatic and melancholic especially outside caot give any noticeable reaction, but that comment will long endure.
The composition and structure of personality
To understand the nature of personality to an orange bar ¬ lows the ratio of this concept with other concepts used in both classical and modern dogs in ¬ psychology. First of all, the notion of individual, human, personal ¬ toast, personality, entity.
People born in the world with genetically inherent in her potential to become this person. Do not assume that baby – is a “tabula rasa» (tabula rasa), which under the influence of society “written” signs of humanity. Infants inherent anatomical and physiological properties of the body and brain, belong only to men. They will run ¬ toll in mastering pryamohodinnyam, tools and language development of intellect, self and others. But the system of biological, genetic, anatomical, physio ¬ logical factors involves the formation of man only in certain social, cultural and historical conditions of civilization ¬ tion. To emphasize the biologically conditioned belonging vonarodzhenoyi no-child and adult is to the human race and distinguish them from animals, the notion of the individual as the opposite concept of the individual animal.
Only the quality of individual that is inherent in man ¬ donations, anatomical and physiological conditions, laying the suspen ¬ eration a personality. Individual – a biological basis of human personality development in certain social conditions.
If present, followed by P. Jeannet, unbelievable: that VNA ¬ consequence of some dramatic events created by mankind disappeared culture, art, science, technology, diverse repre ¬ flash world, institutions of human socialization, and young children remained in these conditions without adults implement joint activities in their social relations, the development of the individual stopped for anthropological type like a impossibility ¬ tive, and at best go through, typical ¬ ment rynnoho world. It is clear that the development of personality in these circumstances, unnecessary to speak.
These are facts of life of children from childhood to rapyly Pot ¬ animal (wolf) packs. Such children although eth ¬ Dilis individuals, but their development was distorted among animals. Because these children do not become men, they have not managed to return to the path of human development. These facts prove the crucial role of social environment, cultural and historical environment and the inherent means of co ¬ Socio individual, making individual.
With parents, other people mind the child develops exactly as the human psyche. At some point there is a personality of its inherent social trigger ¬ builder features – higher mental functions, awareness and consciousness of ¬, the ability to active learning and transform the environment and ourselves.
Personality – the individual is a social system caused by the higher mental qualities that defined human involvement to the specific social, cultural and historical relations. This system is expressed and formed in the process of productive activity and conscious communication. Personality mediates and determines the level of individual relationships with social and natural environ ¬ broth. In philosophical and psychological aspect of personality – is the object and subject of the historical process and his life.
During his formation as an individual personality post ¬ gradually becomes a purposeful learning and transformation ¬ tion of objective reality and himself.
At first he sees – mostly as an object – ¬ side effects differently from adults and created humans before his birth and social, cultural environment. This effect is specially organized society in the form ihro ¬ warriors, training and work in a family, ¬ doshkol them and school institutions, vocational and higher education and industry. At the same time create internal mental growths that form on their own childhood conscious human activity, forcing it to knowledge and ¬ ne transformation of objective reality and self. Person acts as an activity and communication.
Personal development occurs in specific conditions of their society, ¬. Personality always concrete and historical, the young – a product of the era, the life of his country, his family. She – eyewitness and participant in social movement, and creator of its own general history, object and sub’yeki present.
In the process of personal development person masters deter ¬ cleansers human activity and communication, language, her form ¬ muyutsya higher mental functions, consciousness, will, samosvi ¬ domist, it becomes a subject of active learning and purposeful social and environmental transformation of natural ¬ Environment . She appears as the ability to improve ¬, samotvorennya own personality in the process of self-knowledge, self and self. It vstu ¬ paye in “subject-subject” relationships with other people.
It should adequately correlate the concept of man and START ¬ bystosti. Man as a social and biological being is the bearer of identity. The notion of rights is much broader than the concept of START ¬ bystosti because includes a large range of social and bio ¬ logical signs – anthropological, ethnographic, cultural tour and others.
Personality is characterized by qualitative and quantitative forms of mental characteristics that make it indyvi ¬ duality. Individuality – especially a combination of psychological ¬ Protocol to rights that form its identity, different from other people. Individuality is manifested in the human capacity in the dominant needs, interests, preferences, ri ¬ ception in character, dignity, in philosophy, system knowledge, skills, the level of intelligence ¬ tual, creative processes, individual style activ ¬ capacity and behavior, the type of temperament in the characteristics of emotional and volitional sphere. Identity forms an important feature of personality that enables her peculiar style relationship with the surrounding reality.
The concept of personality interpreted ambiguous – for ¬ depending on which approach is implemented by the researcher. ¬ Mozh to allocate at least four analytical approaches – social and psychological, individual-psychological, activity and genetic realized psychologists such as BG Ananiev, VV Davydov, AG Kovalev, AN Leontiev, Kostyuk, F. Lersh, VM M’yasyschev, and V. Petrovsky, KK Platonov, S. Rubinstein, VM Rusalov et al.
1. The nature of humaeeds
Man in the system of social relations and serves as a subject and as an active worker. Where this activity? Various psychological theories give different answers. 1. Freydyzm: active personality grows out of deep instinctual trains. Sexual attraction – an energy source (each person is charged with her birth, then energy is released in accordance with the norms of society. This is called sublimation). 2. Abraham Maslow (humanistic theory): source – identified congenital needs. They are hierarchical in humaature in terms of its appearance in ontogeny. The order of appearance: 1. basic biological needs (food, heat), 2. need for security (safety); 3. need for belonging and love (family, society), 4. need for assessment of your relatives, 5. need for self-actualization. Everyone is born with these needs, but they are expressed in varying degrees. 3. Phenomenological activity of individual needs. Everyone finds a congenital peculiarity in the formation of images of the world (phenomenon in philosophy – the image of the outside world). The peculiarity in the formation of the world determines individual activity (Example: a party – one says that it is a good man, another says it is bad, it turns out, everyone has a different perception of the world). These theories seek source activity inside the man, his biological needs. In modern psychology, this approach is criticized because, based on a set of requirements are unlikely to show such different personalities. There are theories that do focus on the external. 1. Neofreydysty: (Eric Fromm, K. Horney, Harry Stack-Sallimen) source activity of personality lies in the social environment of man. Man – the center of large social networking – society. Therefore, all public properties are available of any person, is projected on a person. 2. Dispositional approach: (Herbert Murray, Gordon Olport) personality – a combination of a stable of acquired and congenital features that act as susceptibility to disposition (defined behavior). In this theory it is unclear how they interact with each other disposition and situation. 3. Kohnityvystsko-behaviorist approach: active personality – a cluster of behaviors that resulted nauchenyya through reinforcement. We behave in life as we were taught. Bad that the personality loses its activity, that activity appears from the outside. Conclusion: Some theories emphasize the external (social), others at home (biological). Motyvatsionno potrebna-field personality as the source of its activity. Mercurial approach: in our psychology theory formulated active person – petrebovo-motivational concept. Source: humaeeds, which are very diverse (unlike Maslow, who says that needs a lot). Need – a hard-actively stimulating the individual state-generated tests in impoverished them of objects indispensable to its existence and development. The need arises because of shortage. different needs, so that man lives and acts in the world of human relations and objects. With the advent of light in human rights in very limited capital needs and instincts. These hardships and instincts are beginning to settle objects invented people. His initial instincts turn (an animal that does not happen). The wealth of humaeeds depends on the individual wealth of the world, ways of action predmetom.Chym more we have, the more we want to have. Biological needs are the product of the public. Need – the source of activity, but potential. Activity inflates when a subject that meets the need. This – motive (in the immediate stimuli to activity). In humans formed potrebovo-motivational sphere – a set of needs and appropriate reasons. Requirements – is not only the state that are associated with energy, but it is also linked with emotions. In responding to the needs arising positive emotions, that is an indication that we have the correct object needs. We are aware of this and repeat, but not always, it depends on age. (Example: child kolupaye plaster because it lacks calcium, it is this council, but not aware). In the active approach is needed source of activity – a possibility that the person in potential activity (it combines internal and external). Signs are emotions: positive or negative.
2. Types of humaeeds.
The American researcher, psychologist Abraham, Maslow (Maslow pyramid or hierarchy of needs Maslow) allocated five structural levels, now – more
Self-expression
Respect
Social
Secondary
Safety and security
Physiological
Primary
Modern pyramid:
1 level – physiological (survival needs – food, water, air, sexual needs, sleep, ie nee motivation is embedded in human genes. While these needs in a broad sense of the word will not be satisfied with hardly any other, that will not go to another level of needs.)
Tier 2 – Safety and security (need for security – self-protection (security). There should be a clothing and shelter. A man seeks to avoid dangerous places. All he does – makes up for its security – building houses, sewing clothes, grow crops, store, insure it and so everything is linked with human security.)
3 level – social (communicatioeeds, joining the society, social life – moral security), this includes a sense of belonging to anything or anyone, or feeling that you make others, a sense of social interaction, affection and support)
Stage 4 – respect (including personal achievement, respect from others, need to recognize (Recoguition). The advantage depends on how you appreciate in society. People want to be respected in society. Name of person – the basis of its life and value . Human dignity in society depends largely on himself.)
Stage 5 – cognitive
6 levels – aesthetic
7 level – self-expression, self-actualization (the need to realize their potential in growth as osobystostipotreba in self-expression. “What a man can be he must ber” What can and must do something. We must do what we can do to thrive. A good actor does everything he can. slavery is possible to achieve much, that goal – and this work).
Others disagreed with Maslow’s pyramid
Requirements not included in Maslow’s pyramid:
– Self-importance;
– Material;
– Power (influence inyh);
– The need to achieve success;
– Avoidance of failure;
– Confidence in the future;
– Love;
– Religious needs;
– Sadistic, etc.
3. Humaeeds and motivation.
Knowing the basic humaeeds, can easily affect human behavior, encourage her to certain actions. Therefore study of the main human needs in some way can be used in order to encourage both single individuals and to encourage certain actions of the group of people, large groups and even society in general.
Recall that there are many theories of human motivation. One of them (Motivation and Personality by Maslow VI – 1970) divides human motivation based on purpose into five groups: physiological, security, social recognition and self-expression.
Demand – is always a need for something that needs psychological level indirect reflection of mental, and besides double. On the one hand, items that meet the needs of the subject, speak to him, his objective in signal characteristics. On the other hand – syhnalizuyutsya, sensual subject and reflected the needs of themselves, in the simplest cases – as a result of interoceptive stimuli. Thus the most important change that characterizes the transition to a psychological level, consists in the development of mobile communications needs of the objects that are in compliance.
The fact that in the position of an object potrebovomu that can meet the need, not strictly recorded. In his first meet the needs of “knows” his subject, he should be found. Only as a result of this discovery demand gets its subjectness and perceived (schopredstavlyayetsya, conceivable) the object – its stimulating and directing activity functions, ie, becomes the motive.
This understanding of the reasons it seems at least one-sided and needs – endangered in psychology. But it is not. Not disappear with the psychology of need, but only their abstracts – “naked”, not the subject filled potrebovym as the subject. These abstracts appear on the scene as a result of separation from the needs of the individual subject in which they only find their psychological concreteness.
It goes without saying that as an individual is born endowed with needs. But, I repeat it again, as needed inner strength can be realized only in the activity. In other words, the need first acts only as a condition as a prerequisite activity, but as the subject takes effect immediately it is transformation, and demand is no longer what it was virtual, “in itself”. Knife followed by development activities, the more this becomes a prerequisite of its result.
The transformatioeeds already clearly acting at the evolution of animals: as a result of changes going on and expanding the items that meet the needs and developing ways to meet their needs themselves. This is because the needs are able to konkretyzuvatysya potentially very wide range of objects and stimuli are of animals that give it a certain direction. For example, the emergence of new kinds of food environment and the disappearance of former food demand, continuing to be satisfied, however, now absorbs a new meaning, that is different. Thus, the development needs of the animals is through the development of their activities on more and more rozrostayuchomu range of subjects, it is clear that the change of subject-specific content needs also leads to changes and ways of their satisfaction.
Of course, this general provision is ieed of many warnings and explanations, especially concerning the question of so-called functional needs. But now it is not about that. The main thing is to allocate the fact transformatioeeds through items in the process of their consumption. This is key to understanding the nature of humaeeds.
In contrast to the development needs of the animals that depend on the expansion of natural objects they consume, humaeeds generated by development of production. It is a production and consumption directly and that creates demand. In other words, consumption is mediated needed in the subject, his or imagined perception of his performance. This reflected the form of its subject and serves as an ideal that internally motivates motif.
However, in psychology often considered ieed distraction from the main – from their split generated, consumer production, and leads to unilateral actions are in direct explanation of their needs.
Fundamentals of Medical (Clinical) Psychology
Mental illness and scope
Any illness in one way or another to change the vital functions of the body and therefore affects the physical and mental condition of man. In turn, changes the functioning of mind leads to modification of certain disease manifestations. That is clearly shown by the mutual influences and mental illness. Track major ones for each sphere of mental activity.
Illness and emotional-volitional sphere
Any pathological condition affects appropriately with emotions, feelings and motivation sphere of the patient. Mostly cause serious disease in a patient state anxiety and fear, which can sometimes reach the level of despair and panic. Prolonged illness accompanied by depression, which can transform itself in apathy
Typically, the listed types of emotional vidreahuvannya disease combined with the general phenomena astenizatsiyi. As a result, patients have the following main syndromes of mental vidreahuvannya the presence of somatic pathology.
1. Astheno-depressive syndrome (on the background of the patient astenizatsiyi
concerned about the decline of mood, longing, discontent with their condition, Perceptions that);
2.Asteno-fobichnyy syndrome (a combination of events and astenizatsiyi
clearly defined fears, such as kardiofobiyi);
3.Asteno-anxiety syndrome (astenizatsiyi phenomena connected to anxiety and unpleasant foreboding that do not have a clearly defined content);
4.Asteno-hypochondriac (sick in your mind exaggerating the severity of their disease, finds himself condemned or virtually incurable, carefully fixing his attention on painful feelings and hypertrophy of their value);
5.Asteno-neurotic (astenizatsiyi observed on the background of emotional lability-willed).
Some pathological states, by contrast, can cause
inadequate improvement of mood (eg, expressed tuberculosis intoxication, organic lesion of a share of the frontal brain, alcohol, drugs or intoxication toksykomanichnoho).
Mental suffering caused by disease can be transferred subjectively more difficult patients than to physical illness. Severe mental state and even cause the appearance suyitsydnyh trends (eg, awareness of the presence of malignant disease or HIV infection). Inadequate improve mood could harm the medical process, because due to its underestimation of these patients are prone to violations of proper procedure and technology treatment process.
As you know, emotions are evident not only in subjective experience, but also in the corresponding integral vidreahuvanni practically all organs and systems of body. Yes, emotions change hemodynamic parameters (of hypertensive crisis in states with kolaptoyidnyh zneprytomnennyam), cause tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia, increased perestaltyky or slower intestines, cramping and sechevoho zhovchevoho bladder, sweating, typical asthma attacks, trembling more. Established that every person is an emotional strain, for this kind of human psycho-vegetative syndrome. The more intense the emotion, the brighter the apparent manifestations of psycho-vegetative syndrome.
Emotions are closely related to motivation sphere, which is also changing due to the presence of disease. Motivational processes are caused by self-love may increase. The patient shows hiperbuliyu (increased volitional processes) as a countermeasure to combat the disease. Sometimes hiperbuliya take unilateral character. For example, considering the total addict hipobuliyi and loss of interest in work, education, family, hobbies past, shows a sea of energy, determination, endurance, cunning, and courage nastyrlyvosti the issues that are relevant to getting a regular party drug.
But in most patients because of depressed astenizatsiyi and volitional processes is weakening. Against asthenic emotions instinctive activity (appetite, desire to work and learew sexual activity) is reduced, the volume of social contacts is narrowed growing malaise and exhaustion.
However, the presence stenichnyh emotions as subjective a strong protest against their condition, usually increase motivation sphere and if the required number of vital reserves can contribute to more effective treatment. But if volitional activity is larger than life force back the body, excessive waste of energy can worsen the patient.
Emotions affect the state of volitional sphere, and the possibility or impossibility of activism affects appropriately to the emotional state of the patient. Particularly important is adequate impact on emotional-volitional sphere on the stage of rehabilitation therapy. For example, every couple of additional steps which the patient suffered a myocardial infarction, literally okrylyut and give them faith in recovery.
Between illness and emotional-volitional sphere there is a direct and feedback. The disease is modified by the emotional state of the patient. Expressions of emotion accompanied by psycho-vegetative syndrome, which alters the activity of the autonomic nervous system, and as a consequence – the functioning of most organs and systems of body. Violation of somatic emotional genesis reinforces the negative impact of disease on the emotional-volitional sphere. Emotional orushennya recorded and become more prominent. Sometimes they are transformed into the unwanted direction, for example, depression – anxiety – fear – despair – feelings of hopelessness – suyitsydni intentions … In other words, the disease causes a violation emotional-volitional sphere, which, in turn, supports the pathological process.
Sickness and field of consciousness
Pathological processes necessarily affect the scope of consciousness. Severe pathological processes, expressed intoxication, organic brain damage can cause quantitative and qualitative changes of consciousness. The doctor of any specialty will meet with various levels and states of unconsciousness: zneprytomnennyam, Stunning, and soporom commas. With stunning volume decreased consciousness, quality consciousness irritation worse. As a result of raising the threshold normal force stimuli feeling sick is not accepted. Apply for a patient to a loud, often roztormoshuvaty it. Meets patient briefly and only to simple questions. When sopori and coma patient lost consciousness and in contact with him caot join. However, at sopori unconditioned reflex is preserved, and in a coma, they disappear. Symptoms of unconsciousness indicate the severity of the patient, which requires intense action on the part of doctors.
Admission of certain medications and drugs stimulating effect can improve the quality of consciousness, states cause the so-called “lyutsydnoyi” consciousness. After the action of such substances in the patient must develop state of exhaustion.
In addition to quantitative and qualitative can be observed altered consciousness (delirium, Oneyroid, amentia, twilight states of consciousness), which indicate the development of psychotic states. These types of disturbance of consciousness be studied psychiatry in passing ..
If the quantitative and qualitative change of consciousness is a sign of heavy patients and have certain symptoms that draws attention of others, the change of identity is required for any pathology. First, the patient’s changing health. Develops strength, malaise, a sense of falling ill. The patient person is aware that her body is wrong.
Consciousness of their own health changes include integral vidreahuvannya all spheres of mental activity on the disease from the perspective of direct and feedback. Such reflection can be self-critical and adequate, and may be inadequate, resulting from the installation, prejudice, affective logic, misunderstanding of the essence of the disease and so on.
That individual characteristics of self-awareness of his condition, based on introspection, reflection and emotional-volitional vidreahuvanni to own illness lies in the so-called internal picture of disease.
The feeling of physical problems and disease awareness affects duly manifestations of subconscious processes. Pereusim in patients with acute intuitive perception relating to himself as to the patient. The level and quality of unconscious perceptioonverbal (outside, look, facial expressions, gestures, pantomimika, tone of voice, character pauses in conversation, the signs of sincerity, confusion, insincerity or doctor, etc.) as much pidvyschuyetya.
Some subconscious part by disease processes temporarily “blocked”. It is hard to recall a patient at the right time with the required information is located in the area of unconscious processes. As a result, in some patients the fear about, in their opinion, the threat of memory loss. In some cases, this unfounded feeling of psychotherapy require correction.
As astenizatsiyi, general weakness volitional processes, which often combined with subconscious installing recover beloved by some patients raises the level of the subconscious and hipnoyidnosti naviyuvanosti. This facilitates the psychotherapy, but can bring harm to the patient when he gets into the hands of cynical and arrogant navkolomedychnyh charlatans.
Thus, the disease affects the mind, consciousness and subconscious area of the patient. Change in these areas in turn affects the personality of the patient and passing the disease. Adequate reflection of their state promotes harmonious relation to disease, and significant violations of the unity of higher mental processes leads to other forms of vidreahuvannya disease. Types related to the patient’s illness largely determine its course and efficacy.
Especially important in the development of neuroses, neurosis and psychosomatic diseases states (eg hypertension, gastric ulcer, chronic colitis, etc.) has bezsvidomoho field.
Thus, the disease that alters consciousness is a higher unity of all human mental functions, and altered consciousness, identity, and unconscious processes bezsvidomyh affect the course of the disease.
Disease and patient personality
One of the tenets of medicine is the principle of “do not treat illness, and patient. The disease affects not only the organs but also the personality of the patient.
Fundamental bases of personality is temperament and character. In temperament expressed such innate characteristics as strength and speed of mental processes, the degree of emotional excitability, which revealed various intensity of the external expression of emotion. In people with weak and strong unbalanced type of nervous system is easier to have so-called “failures” of the higher nervous activity. That’s why melancholic and choleric easily arise and vazhkishe occurring diseases. You must consider the types of features of the nervous system in preventing and treating diseases. Even a dose of medicine should be different for patients with strong and weak type of nervous system. Thus, the average doses of sedative drugs and tranquilizers are high for the melancholic and instead enhance the sedative effect of causing excitement. If the average dose of medication is ineffective for the melancholic, it mostly does not need to increase and decrease.
Choleric tend to rapidly respond to a variety of troubles related to the disease. Melancholiac not outwardly react violently, but in his heart very deeply.
Phlegmatic difficult to adapt to new conditions, but because they do not need no urgency to move from chamber to chamber. When distracting sanguine occupational therapy is not recommended to pick grind.
On the basis of temperament in determining the influence of education of character is built. New conditions and requirements of life, caused by the presence of disease, affect the manifestations of existing and new character traits. In practice known so-called “ulcerative” and “gall” character. Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer patients often reinforces a tendency to respond more rapidly to trouble them in the mood mostly cloudy-depressive, they caot truly enjoy pleasant. The essence of “gall” character, which develops as a result of stagnation of bile in the liver and gall bladder, patients tend to actively seek or provoke conflicts.
Chronic disease can cause the phenomenon psyhopatyzatsiyi, a significant change in manifestations of character and behavior, causing the patient becomes difficult prystosuvatychs to conventional norms and requirements for coexistence with others who traditionally were formed in society. The most evident manifestation psyhopatyzatsiyi observed with drug addiction, alcoholism, tuberculosis, HIV infekuvanni and injuries.
In general psychology course knows that mature person has a certain reserve “masks”, which determine the behavior in different situations. If the patient developed pronounced psyhopatyzatsiya it mostly corrected mask “Tiger”, which demonstrates the frustration and aggressiveness. However, most patients and their relatives when communicating with doctors using the mask of “hare”, ie nesmilyvosti, indecisiveness, polohlyvosti, shyness, submissiveness, shrewdness, etc. Often a patient who communicates quite well with medical personnel in contact with other patients or relatives using a mask vulnerabilities and all his appearance shows “Do not touch me, me without you badly.” Sometimes the mask of indifference, neglect, or even as his bravado hides a patient unconscious anxiety that affects the condition.
The disease changes the gradation of rank and property interests of a sick person. Often, only zahvorivshy serious disease a person starts to realize that the most valuable in life is just health. Usual interests and needs of people recede into the background and the focus raised issues related to the disease and its treatment.
However, dominant in the consciousness of humaeeds, interests and values, in turn, may influence the course of the disease. Thus, unrealized need for self-affirmation and self-realization can lead to neurosis or psychosomatic disease. If a person is dominated by train to the generation, which manifests itself in extreme parsimony, this patient would save on the medicine and rational nutrition, adversely vidib’ye’sya in the course of treatment. And when that person will be forced to spend money on medication and quality products, she will develop state of internal conflict between the desire to accumulate and need to be spent by that also cause frustration and worsen the condition.
E. Byrne found that components of the psychological personality has three structures: the “father”, “adult” and “child.” Harmonic or dyzharmoniynyy development of these structures determines the level of maturity of personality and style of its behavior. When disease specific weight of these components varies.
Most grow share “child.” In this regard, in patients the increased naughtiness, abusiveness, queasiness, tearfulness, emotional lability, increased need to weight yourself, selfishness, egocentrism, and other forms, which is the reason that the patient starts to behave “like a child.”
In some patients the psychological structure of domination “adult” does not allow them to relax. Such patients evaluate their condition astenizatsiyi as a manifestation of laziness and bezvollya and therefore forced myself through the power go out to work and intensive work, not paying attention to the obvious need for treatment and rest, the damage to their health.
Since this topic is necessary to realize the following provisions:
1. The disease changes not only physical but also mental state of man.
2. The disease affects all areas of the psyche.
3. Between mental illness and there are areas of forward and backward linkages.
4. To better understand these relationships need to know the basics of psychology, that is, to repeat material that was studied in previous lessons.
5. Achievements of modern medical psychology medical opinion confirming the truth of ancient Greece is more important than that which heals, and that someone treats.
6. Without mastering the basic provisions of clinical psychology doctor caot effectively perform their professional duties.
The concept of psychosomatic disorders
Psychosomatics is one of the most important components of clinical psychology, which studies the impact of psychological factors on the onset-called psychosomatic diseases. The term comes from the Greek psyhe – soul and soma – body and was first applied in 1818, the German psychiatrist S. Heynrotom.
There are several theories that explain the origin of psychosomatic diseases, which are mainly clustered around two approaches. According to one approach. Psychosomatic illness is the result of emotional stress. Another group of theories of psychosomatic illnesses linked to internal conflicts diverse motives of the individual – it is a consequence of the internal conflict of the rights of another.
Even the doctors of ancient India are confident that the negative emotions – are the first steps to the top of most diseases. Ancient Greek scholars regarded man as a whole and of great importance in the treatment of the patient paid to the character and temperament. Hippocrates stressed the importance of studying the particular features of the patients psychology: “It is more important to know that person is sick, than to know that she is sick.”
Development of somatic pathology precede fluctuations in vistserovehetatyvnyh relations with a projection on the central nervous system (“dark feeling” as defined by I. Sechenov), which appears in an altered state of health, physical discomfort, sense of inexplicable anxiety, concerns about the health of loved ones.
I. Vitenko emphasizes that the response from the mental sphere is already in itself an important informative features, the first symptoms, which most people do not react, and uncertain feeling that there was explaining to myself, as a result of fatigue, hypothermia, poor nutrition , vital differences of opinion. And only at clinical detection of somatic diseases develop visible signs of disease: disturbed sleep, narrow range of interests, exhausted attention, memory, reduced speed and quality of intellectual and operations, there is a heightened emotional lability, tearfulness, sensitivity, low background mood.
