THE NAMES OF PLANTS IN BOTANY AND IN THE

DOSAGE FORMS OF MEDICATIONS (FORMAE MEDICAMENTORUM).

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS OF MEDICATIONS.

(FORMAE MEDICAMENTORUM FLUIDAE).

 

LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS OF MEDICATIONS.

(FORMAE MEDICAMENTORUM FLUIDAE)

 

1. Solutions – solutiones (solutio, onis f)

2. Suspensions – suspensiones (suspensio, onis f)

3. Emulsions – emulsa (emulsum, i n)

4. Liniments – linimenta (linimentum, i n)

5. Infusions and decoctions –infusa et decocta (infusum, i n; decoctum, i n)

6. Drops – guttae (gutta, ae f)

7. Tinctures – tincturae (tinctura, ae f)

8. Extracts – extracta (extractum, i n)

9. Mucilages – mucilagines (mucilage, inis f)

10. Syrups – sirupi (sirupus, i m)

 

Solutions – solutions

 

 Solution is a liquid preparation containing one or several soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water or other dissolving medium (solvent) for various reasons.

 According to the purpose of use the solutions are divided into:

1. Solutiones pro injectionibus – solutions for injections

2. Solutiones ad usum externum –solutions for external use; gargarismata – for gargling;   lotiones – for lotions; collutoria – for rinsing mouth; enemata or clysmata – for enemas; liturae – for lubrication; perlotiones – for irrigation; frictiones – for embrocation.

3. Solutiones ad usum internum (for the internal use).

 There are also solutions pro anaesthesia (solutions for anaesthesia), solutions plasmosubstituentes (solutions for the substitution of plasma).

 Solutions are given in: ampullis (ampules); rectiolis (rectal pipettes, which contain 3-5 ml of solution for microenemas).

 Prescriptions for solutions are written in a short and full forms.

 In a short form the word Recipe is followed by word Solutionis, the name of medicinal substance, the concentration of solution in per cents and in amount, e.g.:

 Rp.: Solutionis Glucosi 40% 20ml

         Da in ampullis numero 6

         Signa.

 In a full form the word Recipe is followed by the name of medicinal substance, its amount and the name of a solvent, e.g.:

 Rp.: Mentholi 0,1

        Olei Vaselini 10 ml

        Misce. Da. Signa.

 

Suspensions – suspensions

 

 Suspension is a preparation of a finely divided drug intended to be incorporated (suspended) in some suitable liquid vehicle (water, oil, glycerine) before it is used, or already incorporated in such a vehicle.

 Suspensions are used pro injectionibus (for injections), ad usum externum (for external use); ad usum internum (for internal use).

 Suspensions can be siccae (dry) and ex tempore (which should be prepared).

 Suspensions are prescribed in a full or short form. E.g.:

Rp.: Oxytetracyclini 1,0                                Rp.: Suspensionis Hydrocortisoni acetatis 2,5% 5 ml

        Olei Amygdalarum ad 100,0                  Da. Signa: one ml once a week (5 injections for the

        Misce, fiat suspensio                             course of treatment. 

        Da. Signa: one teaspoon three times a day     

        

Emulsions – emulsa

 Emulsion is a preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod-liver oil emulsion, cod-liver oil emusion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion.

 There are emulsa oleosa (oil or false emulsions) and emulsa seminalia or emulsa seminum (true emulsions).

 Emulsions are prescribed in a full or short form. E.g.:

 Rp.: Seminum Amygdalarum                         Rp.: Emulsi seminum Amygdalarum dulcium

            dulcium 10,0                                     100 ml

         Aquae destilattae ad 100 ml                             Da. Signa: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day

         Misce, fiat emulsum

         Da. Signa: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day  

 

Liniments – linimenta

 

 Liniment is an oily liquid preparation to be used on the skin. Olea vegetabilia – vegetable oil (oleum Helianthi – sunflower oil), oleum Amygdalarum (almond oil), oleum Ricini (castor oil) are used as a basis (remedium constituens) for liniments.

 Liniments are prescribed in a full or short form. E.g.:

Rp.: Xeroformii                                        Rp.: Linimenti Synthomicini 10% 25,0

        Picis liquidae ana 3,0                               Da. Signa: external (for wounds, ulcers).

        Olei Ricini 100 ml

        Misce, fiat linimentum

        Da. Signa: balsamic liniment

         (according to A.V.Wyshnevsky)

   

Infusions and decoctions – infusa et decocta

 

 Infusion is the product of steeping of a substance in water for the extraction of its medicinal principles.

 Decoction is a medication or other substance prepared by boiling.

 Infusions and decoctions are prescribed only in a short form. The amount of vegetable raw materials and the amount of infusion or decoction are indicated. E.g.:

Rp.: Infusi fructuum Anisi ex 15,0 -200 ml

        Da. Signa: one tablespoon 3 times a day.

Rp.: Decocti foliorum et cortices Sambuci ex 8,0 -180ml

        Da. Signa: one tablespoon 3 times a day.

 

Drops – guttae

 

Drop is a minute of liquid as it hangs or falls.

There are: Oculoguttae – eye drops (medicated oil or water to be dropped into eyes).

                 Nasoguttae – nose drops (medicated solution to be dropped into a nose).

                 Otoguttae – ear drops (medicated oil or water to be dropped into the external auditory       meatus   

                 Guttae “Denta” – dental drops.

Small amount of drops (5-10ml) is prescribed in a full or short form.

E.g.: Rp.: Solutionis Mentholi oleosae 1% 10 ml

                Da. Signa: 3 drops a day

        Rp.: Mentholi 0,1

                Olei vaselini 10,0

                Misce. Da.

                Signa: 3 drops into the nose 3 times a day.

Dental drops are usually officinal and are prescribed in a short form. E.g.:

Rp.: Guttarum “Denta” 10 ml

        Da. Signa: 1-2 drops on a cotton drain to be put into carious cavity if you feel pain.

 

Tinctures – tincturae

 

Tincture is an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from animal or vegetable drugs or

from chemical substance. Tinctures have some colour. They are officinal drug forms.

 When some tincture is prescribed, the word Recipe is followed by the name of a dosage for (that is: Tincturae) and then by the name of a plant and total amount in ml. When alcoholic tincture is prescribed, the word spirituosae is not written. But if ether tincture is prescribed, the word aetherea should be written.

 E.g.: Rp.: Tincturae Valerianae aethereae

                 Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml

                 Misce. Da. Signa: 15-20 drops 3 times a day.

 

Extracts – extracta

 

 Extract is a concentrated preparation of a vegetable or animal drug obtained by removing the active constituents there from with a suitable menstruum, evaporating all or nearly and adjusting the residual mass or powder to a prescribed standard.

 According to the extractor all extracts are divided into:

extracta aquosa (water extract);

extracta oleosa (oil extract);

extracta spirituosa (spirituos, alcoholic extract).

 NB! Only the ethereous extract is used: Extractum Filicis maris aethereum.

 According to their consistency extracts are divided into: extracta fluida (fluid), spissa (thickened), sicca (dry), that is they are prepared in three forms: semiliquid or of syrupy consistency, pilular or solid, and as dry powder.

 Extracts are prescribed in the same way as tinctyres, but their consistency should be indicated, e.g.:

 Rp.: Extracti Aloes fluidi 1 ml

         Da tales doses numero 10 in ampullis

         Signa: one ml subcutaneously.

 

Mucilagines – mucilagines

 

 Mucilage – 1. an artificial viscid paste of gum or dextrin used in pharmacy as a vehicle or excipient or in therapy as a demulcent. 2. a naturally formed viscid principle in a plant, consisting of a gum dissolved in the juices of the plant (gummi arabicum –arabic gum, gummi Armeniacae –gum of the apricot, amylum – starch, semina Lini – seeds of the flax, radix Altheae – root of Marsh-mallow).

 Mucilagines are rarely prescribed separately (per se). They are usually prescribed in mixtures, that is 20-25% of mucilagines are added to the mixtures. E.g.:

Rp.: Mucilaginis seminis Lini 300 ml

        Da. Signa: take one tablespoon 3 times a day.

Rp.: Bismuthi subnitratis 6,0

        Mucilaginis Altheae 60,0

        Aquae destillatae ad 180 ml

        Misce. Da.

        Signa: Take 1 tablespoon 3 times a day (shake before using).

 

Syrups – sirupi

 

 Syrup is a concentrated solution of sugar, such as sucrose, in water or other aqueous liquid, somethimes with some medicinal substance added. The officinal preparation is a solution of sucrose in purified water, and is used as a flavoured vehicle in pharmaceutical preparations. E.g.:

sirupus Rhei – syrup of rhubarb;

sirupus Altheae – syrup of marshmallow;

sirupus Glycyrrhizae – syrup of licorice;

sirupus simplex – simple syrup;

sirupus Rubi idaei – syrup of rasberry.

 

Exercise 1

 Translate the prescriptions into English:

1.     Rp.: Solutionis Proserini 0,05% 1 ml

              Dentur tales doses numero 6 in ampullis

              Signa: one ml 1-2 times a day.

2.     Rp.: Extracti Polygoni hydropiperis fluidi

              Extracti Viburni fluidi ana 20 ml

              Misce. Da.

              Signa: 25-30 drops 2 times a day.

3.     Rp.: Infusi florum Arnicae ex 10,0-200 ml

             Da. Signa: one tablespoon 3 times a day.

4.     Rp.: Solutionis Natrii nucleinatis 2%-20ml

              Sterilisetur!

              Detur.

              Signetur: 5 ml intramuscular injections 1-2 times a day

5.     Rp.: Suspensionis Griseofulvini 100,0

              Da.

              Signa: one deserspoon 3 times a day

6.     Rp.: Emulsi olei jecoris Aselli 100 ml

              Da. Signa : one tablespoon 2 times a day.

7.     Rp.: Tincturae Strophanthi 5,0

              Tincturae Convallariae

              Tincturae Valerianae ana 10,0

              Misceatur.

              Detur.

              Signetur: 20 drops 3 times a day.

8.     Rp.: Sirupi Aloes 30 ml

              Da. Signa: one tablespoon 3 times a day.

 

Exercise 2

 

Translate the prescriptions into Latin. Prescribe:

1. 6 ampules of 2,5% promethazine hydrochloride solution. The patient should be given 1 ml  intramuscular injections.

      2. 200 ml of tincture made from 20 grams of watre pepper. The patient should take one tablespoon 3 times a day.

      3. 6 ampules of 2,5% Desoxycorticosterone trimethylacetat. The patient should be given 1 ml intramuscular injections for 2 weeks.

 

 

 

 

DOSAGE FORMS OF MEDICATIONS (FORMAE MEDICAMENTORUM). SOLID DOSAGE FORMS OF MEDICATIONS. (FORMAE MEDICAMENTORUM DURAE).

 Final products administered to the patient are called dosage forms of medications. According to the consistence of ingredients all the medications are divided into solid (formae medicamentorum durae), semisolid (formae medicamentorum molles), liquid (formae medicamentorum fluidae) and aerosols (aerosola).

 Medications used for injections (formae medicamentorum pro injectionibus), for eye diseases (formae medicamentorum pro oculis), for infants and children under 3 years old (formae medicamentorum pro infantibus) from separate groups.

 Dosage routes (i.e. means access to the site of action or systematic circulation) are divided into 2 groups: enteral (enterales) – through the alimentary canal, parenteral (parenterales) – not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, itraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc.

 

Solid forms of medications

(Formae medicamentorum durae)

 

1.     Powdrers – pulveres (pulvis, eris m)

2.     Tablets –tabulettae (tabuletta, ae f)

3.     Dragee – dragee (dragee n)

4.     Granules – granula (granulum, i n)

5.     Species, tea – species (species, ei f)

6.     Capsules – capsulae (capsula, ae f)

 

Powders – pulveres

 

 Powder is a substance made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that by grinding or trituration of a solid drug.

 According to the number of the ingredients the powders are divided into :

                   simple powders – pulveres simplices:

        E.g.: acidum boricum – boric acid

                 Magnesii sulfas – magnesium sulfate

                  compound powders – pulveres compositi:

        E.g.: Sal carolinum factitium – artificial Carlsbad salt

                 Aspersio puerilis – dusting; fungicial dust (infantine)

                 According to the way of use:

–         pulveres ad usum externum (pro usu externo) – for external use;

–         pulveres ad usum internum (pro usu interno) – for internal use.

According to the dosage:

–         pulveres divisi – divided powders;

–         pulveres indivisi – undivided powders.

According to the way of administration:

–         pulveres pro dosi – powders to the taken only once;

–         pulveres pro die – powders for one day, daily dose.

Powders are taken:

–         per os – by mouth;

–         per aspersionem – by aspiration;

–         per insufflationem – by insufflation;

–         per injectionem – by injection;

–         per rectum – through rectum;

–         per gargarisma – through gargling.

Powders are given:

–         in capsulis operculatis – in coated capsules;

–         in capsulis chartaceis – in paper capsules;

–         in charta cerata – in cerated paper;

–         in charta paraffinata – in paraffinic paper;

–         in charta pergaminata – in parchment paper.

You should write: “Misce, ut fiat pulvis” in Subscriptio when prescribing compound powders.

 When divided powder (pulvis divisus) is prescribed, the amount of medicinal substances and the number of doses should be indicated: Da (Dentur) tales doses numero … E.g.:

    Rp.: Papaverini hydrochlorici 0,02

            Sacchari 0,3

            Misce, fiat pulvis

            Da tales doses numero 6

           Signa.

 

Aspersions – aspersiones

 

 Aspersion is the most frequently used form of undivided powder (pulveres indivisi). It is prescribed for external use.

 When aspersions are prescribed, the therapeutic concentration of a medicinal substance is considered to the basic value. Starch or talc are used as filters.

 Aspersions are prescribed in a full or short form. The usual amount is 5-100 grams. E.g.:

 Rp.: Aspersionis Anaesthesini                              Rp.: Anaesthesini 7,5

         75% 10,0                                                               Amyli 2,5

         Da. Signa: apply to the                                          Misce, ut fiat subtilissimus

         affected regions of skin                                          Da. Signa: apply to the affected

                                                                                         regions of skin

 

Tablets – tabulettae

 

 Tablet is a solid dosage form of varying weight, size and shape, which may be molded or compressed and which contains a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form.

 According to the way of preparating the tablets are divided into:

1.      Oriblettae or tabulettae per os, tabulettae perorales – peroral tablets.

2.      Resoriblettae or tabulettae sub linguam, tabulettae sublinguales –sublingual tablets.

3.      Injectabulettae or tabulettae pro injectionibus – tablets for injectable solutions.

4.      Implantabulettae or tabulettae pro implantatione, tabulettae implantatae – tablets prepared in aseptic conditions for implantation.

5.      Solublettae or tabulettae pro gargarismatis, pro perlotionibus – tablets used to prepare solutions for gardling and irrigation.

 A lot of drug preparations are administrated in enteric-coated tablets.

 Tablets are prescribed in two ways:

I.                    When tablets do not have a code name, the names of their ingredients and doses are indicated. The amount and dosage form are indicated in Subscriptio. E.g.:

 Rp.: Acidi acetylsalicylici

         Phenacetini ana 0,25

         Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis.

         Signa: one tablet 3 times a day.

II.                 The ingredients are not indicated when combined tablets (which have a code name) are prescribed. E.g.:

 Rp.: Tabulettas analgini 0,5 numero 10

         Da. Signa.

 The weight of a tablet is not indicated only if the weight of an ingredient is fixed (standard).

 Rp.: Tabulettas “Pentalginum” №10.

         Da. Signa: one tablet 2-3 times a day.

 

Dragee – dragee

 

 Dragee is a sugar-coated pill or medicated confection. Vitamins are usually prescribed in the form of dragee. Dragees are prescribed in two ways:

 Rp.: Aminazini 0,025                     Rp.: Dragee Aminazini 0,025 №12

         D.t.d. №12 in dragee                      D.S.: 1 dragee twice a day

         S.: 1 dragee twice a day

 

 

Granules – granula

 

 Granule is a small pill made from sucrose; its mass is approximately 0,05.

Granules usually contain medicinal and additional substances (sugar, starch, talc, cocoa, chocolate, etc.).

 Rp.: Acidi arsenicosi 0,003

         Massae piplularum quantum satis, ut fiant granula numero 30

         Da. Signa.

 Granules are usually prescribed in a short form, as they are made at the pharmaceutical factories. Their total amount is usually indicated. E.g.:

 Rp.: Granulorum Glycerophosphatis 100,0

         Da. Signa: 0,5 teaspoons three times a day.

 

Species – species

 

 Species is the mixture of some dried medicinal herbs or their parts (flowers, leaves, berries, roots, rootstock, etc.) which is used to prepare drug preparations.

 There are such groups of species:

1.      Species ad infusa et decocta – species for tinctures and decoctions.

2.      Species fumales – species for smoking.

3.      Species pro balneis – species for having a bath.

 The official species (prepared at the pharmaceutical factories) are prescribed in a short form whereas the magistral species (prepared in a pharmacy according to the physician’s prescription) are prescribed in a more detailed form.

 E.g.:  Official:                                                              Magistral:             

 

        

Capsules – capsulae

 

 Capsule is a structure in which something is enclosed, such as a hard or a soft, soluble container of a suitable substance, for enclosing a dose of medication, usually of that medication which has bad taste, smell or can affect mucous membrane of the oral cavity and teeth. It dissolves quickly in smomach or small intaestine.

 There are:

–         capsulae (gelatinosae) durae operculatae – solid (gelatinous) capsules with a lid;

–         capsulae (gelatinosae) molles – semisolid (gelatinous) capsules;

–         perlae gelatinosae – gelatinous pearls or capsules, which have oval form and the form of balls;

–         pelettae – capsulae, which are implanted subcutaneously by means of surgery;

–         capsulae rectales – rectal capsules or capsules which are inserted through rectum (per rectum).

 When prescribing drugs in gelatinous capsules, it is necessary to indicate the kind of capsules in Subscriptio as different capsules deliver medications to different parts of alimentary canal. E.g.:

 Rp.: Olei Ricini 1,0

         Da tales doses numero 15 in capsules gelatinosis

         Signa.    

 

Exercise 1

 Translate the prescriptions into Latin:

Rx: 10 tablets of furacin for external use.

       Give. Label: Dissolve 2 tablets in one glass of water. Use do gargle throat.

Rx: Analgin 0,25

       Amidopyrine 0,25

       Mix, let there be made some powder.

       Give 12 such doses.

       Label: one powder 3 times a day.

Rx: Reduced iron 1,0

       Give 15 such doses in gelatinous capsules.

       Label: 2 capsules four times a day after meals.

Rx: Antiasthmatic species 50,0

       Give in a sac.

       Label.

Rx: Dragee “Revitum”

       Give 100 such doses.

       Label: one dragee 3 times a day, 10-15 minutes before meals.

Rx: Leaves of peppermint 40,0

       Flowers of matricary 40,0

       Flowers of clover 20,0

       Milfoil 20,0

       Give. Label: boil one tablespoon of mixture in 0,5 glass of water.

       Mix, (tea) let there be made some species.

       Take 3 times a day.

Exercise 2

 Translate the prescriptions into English:

 Rp.: Tabulettas Ephedrini hydrocloridi 0,025 numero 10

         Da. Signa: one tablet 2 times a day.

 Rp.: Tabulettas Dimecolini 0,025 obductas numero 50

         Da. Signa: one tablet 2 times a day.

 Rp.: Amidopyrini 0,25

         Coffeini-natrii benzonatis 0,1

         Da tales doses numero 6 in tabulettis

         Signa: one tablet 3 times a day.

 Rp.: Ephedrini hydrochloride

         Dimedroli ana 0,025

         Misce, ut fiat pulvis

         Dentur tales doses numero 10

         Signa: one powder 3 times a day.

 Rp.: Pulveris Xeroformii subtilissimi 10,0

         Misce. Da. Signa: Aspersion.

 Rp.: Ferri reducti 1,0

         Da tales doses numero 15 in capsulis gelatinosis

         Signa: one capsule 3 times a day after meals.

 Rp.: Corticis Frangulae

         Foliorum Menthae piperitae

         Rhizomatis cum radicibus Valerianae ana 15,0

         Misce, fiant species.

         Detur in sacculo chartaceo.

         Signetur; boil one tablespoon of the species in a glass of water and leave it for 20 minutes, then filter. Take half of a glass 2 times a day.

 Rp.: Specierum antiasthmaticarum 100,0

         Da. Signa: smoke as a cigar during the attacks of bronchial asthma.

 Rp.: Granulorum Orazi 100,0

         Da. Signa: one teaspoon of granules 3 times a day during meals.

 Rp.: Dragee “Hendevitum” numero 50.

         Da. Signa: 2 dragee a day.

 

 

SEMISOLID DOSAGE FORMS OF MEDICATIONS.

(FORMAE MEDICAMENTORUM MOLLES)

 

1.     Ointments – unguenta (unguentum, i n)

2.     Pastes – pastae (pasta, ae f)

3.     Suppositories – suppositoria (suppositorium, i n)

4.     Plasters – emplastra (emplastrum, i n)

5.     Pills – pilulae (pilula, ae f)

 

Ointments – unguenta

 

 Ointment –is a semisolid preparation for external application to the body, usually containing a medicinal substance and a special base. Vaselinum – Vaseline, Lanolinum – lanolin, adeps suillus depuratus (or axungia porcina) – depurated pork are common bases for an ointment.

 Eye ointments are called: oculenta or unguenta ophthalmica or unguenta pro oculis.

 The prescriptions for ointments are written in a full or short form.

 Officinal ointments and the ointments containing only one medicinal substance are prescribed in a short way. E.g.:

 Rp.: Unguenti Furacillini 1,0% 25,0

         Da. Signa: lubricate the affected skin regions.

 When ointments are prescribed in a full form, the names of medicinal substances, the base for an ointment and their amount are indicated. You should write in Subscriptio: Misce, fiat unguentum. E.g.:  

 Rp.: Furacillini 0,025

        Vasellini 25,0

        Misce, fiat unguentum

        Da. Signa : lubricate the affected skin regions.

Rp.: Tincturae Capsici 7,7

        Acidi formicici 0,32

        Liquoris Ammonii caustici 1,4

        Olei Camphorae 6,4

        Olei Ricini

        Lanolini anhydrici

        Axungiae porcinae ana 9,8

        Vaselini flavi ad 100,0

        Misce, fiat unguentum.

        Da. Signa : lubricate the affected skin region.

 

Pastae – Pastae

 

 Paste is a semisolid preparation, generally for external use, of a fatty base, a viscous or, mucilaginous base, or a mixture of srarch and petrolatum. It is undivided form of medications. Thus, a paste consits of different powders (talc, starch or zinc oxide) and a base. It is a preparation similar to an ointment, but thicker and stiffer, that penetrates the skin less than an ointment. Pates are prescribed in the same way as ointments. E.g.:

 Rp.: Pastae Lassari 25,0

        Da. Signa: lubricate the affected regions.

 Rp.: Ichthyoli 4,0

        Zinci oxydi

        Amyli ana 10,0

        Lanolini 80,0

        Misce, fiat pasta.

        Da. Signa: zinc paste.

 

Suppositories – Suppositoria

 

 Suppository is a medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body; suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Common bases for suppositories are: oleum (butyrum) Cacao – cocoa butter, olea vegetabilia (vegetable oils), mixtura cum cera (cerated mixture), Lanolinum (lanolin).

 Other bases include glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. The suppositories which are inserted through rectum (per rectum) are called suppositoria rectalia (rectal suppositories) and those which are inserted through vagina are called suppositoria vaginalia (vaginal suppositories). According to the form vaginal suppositories are divided into: globuli (globules), bacilli (medicated bacilli), pessaria (pessaries). Suppositories are prescribed in a full or short form. E.g.:

 Rp.: Synthomycini 0,2

         Olei Cacao 3,0

         Misce, fiat suppositorium rectale

         Da tales doses numero 10

         Signa: insert one suppository into the rectum at bedtime.

 If suppositories have a code name, the word Recipe is followed by the word Suppositoria and the name. E.g.:

 Rp.: Suppositoria “Anaesthesolum” numero 20.

        Signa: insert one suppository into the rectum at bedtime.

 

                    

Plasters – emplastra

 

 Plaster is a pastelink mixture which can spread over skin and which is adhesive at body temperature. Plasters may be protectant counterirritant, etc. plasters are divided into:

emplastra dura (hard plasters), emplastra fluida (fluid plasters). Mustard plasters (chartae Sinapis or sinapismata) are a uniform mixture of powdered black mustard and a solution of a suitable adhesive, spread on an appropriate backing material; used as a local irritant.

 Common plasters are:

–         charta Sinapis (sinapismata) – mustard plaster (sinapism);

–         emplastrum adhaesivum – adhesive plaster, sticking plaster, adhesive tape;

–         emplastrum Plumbi – lead plaster, litharge plaster;

–         emplastrum ad clavos – corn plaster.

 When prescribing a plaster you should indicate its name, mass, the name of a tissue the plaster will be spread over, the tissue’s form and extent. E.g.:

 Rp.: Emplastrum adhaesivum ad clavos “Salipodum”

         Extende supra linteum 10 cm * 6 cm

         Da. Signa: apply to callositas, take off after 2 days.

 

Pills – pipulae

 

 Pill is a small globular or oval medicated mass (=0,1-0,5) to be swallowed. Pills with a mass over 0,5 called bolus (bolus, bole).

 When pills are prescribed, the names of all their constituents, their amount and the amount of a pill are indicated. Pills contain, in addition to the active drug, a diluent (or filler) and an excipient to give the mass adhesiveness, firmness and plasticity, so that the pill can be worked by hand or mashine to the desired pillular form. If the kind of diluent is not important, Massae pilularum quantum satis is written in a prescription.

 When prescribing pills you should indicate: “misce, fiant pilulae numero…” (mix to form … pills) in Subscriptio. E.g.: 

 Rp.: Acidi arsenicosi anhydrici 0,03

         Extracti et pulveris radicis Glycyrrizhae 6,0

         Misce, ut fiant pilulae numero 30

         Da. Signa: one pill 2 times a day.

Rp.: Pulveris foliorum Digitalis

        Camphorae trirae ana 1,5

        Massae pilularum quantum satis

        Misce, fiant pilulae numero 30

        Da. Signa: one pill 3 times a day.

 

Exercise 1

 

 Translate the prescriptions into English:

1. Rp.: Unguenti Tetracyclini ophthalmici 10,0

        Da. Signa: eye ointment. Apply to the lower eyelid 3-5 times a day.

2. Rp.: Acidi salicylici 1,0

        Hydrargyri amidochloridi

        Bismuthi subnitratis ana 3,0

        Vaselini

        Lanolini ana 15,0

        Misce, fiat unguentum

        Da. Signa: ointment to remove freckles.

3. Rp.: Natrii fluoratis

            Bolus albae ana 1,0

            Glycerini 1,2

             Misce, fiat pasta

             Da. Signa: to embrocate the paste into the sensitive dentine for 2-3 months.

4. Rp.: Suppositoria “Bethiolum” numero 10

            Da. Signa: for hemorrhoids and anal fissures

5. Rp.: Extracti Belladonae 0,015

            Novocaini 0,2

            Xeroformii 0,1

            Ichthyoli 0,2

            Olei Cacao quantum satis, ut fiat suppositorium rectale

            Da tales doses numero 20.

            Signa: one suppository 2 times a day.

6. Rp.: Iodoformii 0,01

            Olei Cacao quantum satis

            Misce, ut fiat bacillus longitudine 6 cm at diametro 3mm

            Da tales doses numero 6

            Signa: insert one suppository 2 times a day.

7. Rp.: Emplastri Plumbi simplicis 50,0

            Da. Signa: apply to the affected skin region

8. Rp.: Extracti Bursae pastoris sicci

            Extracti Secalis cornuti ana 3,0

            Pulveris radicis Glycyrrhizae quantum satis ut fiant pilulae numero 30.

            Da. Signa: one pill 3 times a day after meals.

 

Exercise 2

 

 Translate the prescriptions into Latin. Prescribe:

1. 50 grams of ointment for freezing (frost-bite). The patient should rub a little ointment onto open skin regions.

2. Ointment which consists of: one gram of resorcinol, 10 grams of Vaseline. Label: ointment. Apply to the affected skin regions.

3. 60 pills which include: 0,03 of crystallized sodium arsenate; 3,0 of quinine hydrochloride; extract and powder of licorice root as much as is required. The patient should take 1 pill 2-3 times a day.

4. 40 rectal suppositories. The constituents are: 0,3 euphylline, 3,0 cocoa butter. The patient should insert 1 suppository 2 times a day.

5. 10 suppositories with glycerin. The patient should insert 1 suppository once a day 15-20 minutes after meals.

 

REVISION ON BOTANIC NOMENCLATURE

 

 

The history of biology and medicine goes back to antiquity. It were the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), his follower Teophrast (Tirtham), the ancient Roman physician Pedany Dioskoryd (I century A.D.) and other who systematized and classified the ancient knowledge of flora, and its use in medicine. The Romaaturalist, writer and scientist Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) systematized flora and fauna in his work “Naturalis historia” (“History of nature”). 9 out of 37 books included the problems of medicine, the description of medical herbs and drug preparations. This work is regarded as an encyclopedia of the ancient medical knowledge. It played an important role in further elaboration of flora system by the investigators of Renaissance and the Mew Time (XV-XVIII centuries).

 New advances in biological and particularly medical research are associated with the names of Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519), Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), the Spanish Physician Michael Servetus (1509-1553), the English physician William Harvey (1578-16570 and others. During renaissance the fundamentals of medical and biological terminology were formed. Soon this terminology became international.

 In XVII-XVIII centuries there were a lot of botanical (as well as zoological) terms derived from Greek and Latin words. It was necessary to find new methods of classifying different kinds of plants and animals. Their names were rendered by word combinations, which was rather difficult and inconvenient.

 The Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus (Linne) (1707-1778) introduced binomical nomenclature, according to which each plant and animal had two names: generic and specific. A generic name is a noun in Nom. and a specific name is usually an adjective or (seldom) a noun. Depending on how a specific name is expressed there are five patterns of binominal names:

1.      A noun in Nom. + a noun in Nom.: Artemisia abstinthinum (common wormwood).

2.      A noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen.: Primula veris (primrose).

3.      A noun in Nom. + a noun that cannot be declined: Theobroma cacao (cocoa-tree).

4.      A noun in Nom. + a noun with an attribute: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (bear berry).

5.      A noun in Nom. + an adjective: Crategus oxyacantha (hawthorn).

 Sometimes the nouns which cannot be declined are used in pharmacology and botany. They are the names of plants, trees, substances (usually they are not of Latin origin), e.g.: Sassafras, Yochimbe, Salep, Boldo, Colombo, Gummi etc.

 Binominal names are still used in taxonomy.

 In the nomenclature of drug preparations the plants usually have only one name: generic or specific.

 If the botanical name corresponds to the first, third or fourth pattern, the name of medicinal substance (that is the pharmaceutical name of the plant) is as a rule specific name. If the botanical name corresponds to the second or the fifth pattern, the name of medicinal substance is a generic name. E.g.:

         Botanical name                            Pharmaceutical name

 Pattern 1 Atropa belladonna                  Belladonna (deadly nightshade)

 Pattern 3 Theobroma cacao                   Cacao (cocoa-tree)

 Pattern 4 Dryopteris filix-mas               Filix mas (shield fern, male fern)

 Pattern 2 Primula veris                          Primula (primrose)

 Pattern 5 Hypericum perforatum           Hypericum (Saint-John’s-wort)

 

 However, sometimes botanical and pharmaceutical names are the same. E.g.:

 

      Some pharmaceutical names are completely different from the botanical names of plants. However, they are very few.

 

 

 Sometimes the same plant can have two botanical names, which were given by the same or different naturalists in different epochs. E.g.:

 Brassica nigra               or             Sinapis nigra

 Cassia acutifilia            or             Senna alexandrina

 In such cases the pharmaceutical names are derived from the botanical names of plants which were used in the later period.

 

Exercise 1

 Translate the word combinations into Latin:

 1. The seeds of wild mustard. 2. The juice of raspberry. 3. The flowers of violet. 4. The herb and roots of belladonna.

Exercise 2

 Write the prescriptions in Latin. Prescribe:

1.     Cardiac species, which consists of: 13 grams of the flowers of Crataegus; 4 grams of common balm; 13 grams of the Crataegus berries; 2 grams of the lily of the valley; 4 grams of nettle; 13 grams of the Crataegus root. A patient should steep 2 teaspoons of the species into a cup with hot water and leave that fow 10 minutes in a closed bowl, then filter. He\she should take 1 cup of hot infusion 3 times a day.

2.     Prescribe: 150 grams of sunflower oil emulsion; 2 grams of camphor; 15 ml of mint water. A patient should take 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.

 

 

 

USEFUL MEDICAL SAYINGS AND APHORISMS

 

Abscessus	Abscess.
Absente febre (Abs. feb.)	Fever being absent.
Accessio	Seizure.
Accurate	Accurately.
Acerbus	Sharp, harsh (to the taste).
Ad conciliandum gustum	To suit the taste.
Ad duas vices	At twice taking.
Ad partes dolentes (Ad. Part. Dolent.)	To the painful (aching) parts.
Ad saturandum (Ad sat.)	To saturation.
Ad secundum vicem	For the second time.
Ad tertiam vicem	For the third time.
Adde, Addantur	Add, Let them be added.
Adhibendus (Adhib.)	To be administered.
Adstante febri (Ads. feb.)	While fever is present.
Adversum (Adv.)	Against.
Aeger	The sick one, the patient.
Aggrediente febre (Aggr. feb.)	While the fever is coming on.
Agita	Shake, stir.
Agita ante sumendum	Shake before taking.
Agitato vase	The vile being shaken.
Agitetur	Let it be shaken or stirred.
Alternis horis	Every other hour.
Alvus	The belly, the bowels.
Ante cibum (AC)	Before meals.
Ante prandium (AP)	Before a meal.
Apoplexia	Apoplexy, Stroke.
Appone, Applica	Apply, Lay or put on.
Aqua pura (Aq. pur.)	Pure water. (filtered, not distilled)
Baccalaureus Medicinae (BM)	Bachelor of Medicine.
Balneum maris (BM)	Salt	water bath.
Balneum tepidum (BT)	A tepid bath.
Bis in die (bid.)	Twice a day.
Bolus	A large pill.
Brachium	Arm.
Bulliat, Bulliant	Let it (or them) boil.
Butyrum	Butter.
Calor	Heat, warmth.
Capiatur (Capr.)	Let it be taken.
Capillus	A hair.
Caput	The head.
Caute	Cautiously.
Cena	Supper.
Cibus	Food, victuals.
Cito	Quickly.
Clarus	Bright, clear.
Cochleare, Cochleatim	A spoonful. By spoonfuls.
Coctio	Boiling.
Colaturas	About to strain. (Sufficient to strain)
Colatus	Strained.
Colentur	Let them be strained.
Colica	Colic.
Collum	The neck.
Collutorium (Collut.)	A mouth	wash.
Collyrium (Collyr.)	An eye	lotion.
Commisce	Mix together.
Constipatio	Constipation.
Contere	Rub together.
Contusus	Buised.
Convulsio	Convulsions.
Coque secundum artem (Coq. SA)	Boil according to art.
Cor	The heart.
Coup	Stroke.
Coxa	The hip.
Cras mane (CM)	Tomorrow morning.
Cras mane sumendus (CMS)	To be taken tomorrow morning.
Cras nocte (CN)	Tomorrow night.
Crastinus (Crast.)	For tomorrow.
Cruor	Blood, gore.
Cum	With.
Cura te ipsum	Physician, heal thyself!
Cursu hodie	During the day.
Cyathus aquae (C. aq.)	A glass of water.
Da, signa (DS)	Give and sign.
Deaurentur pilulae (Deaur. pil.)	Let the pills be gilt.
Debilitas	Debility, Illness, Weakness.
Debita spissitudine (D, spiss.)	With a proper consistence.
Decanta	Pour off.
Decessus	Died, Death.
Decoctum	A decoction.
Decubitus	Lying down.
Decubitus (Decub.)	Lying down.
Deglutiatur (Deglut.)	Let it be swallowed.
Dejectiones alvi	Stools.
Delirium tremens	Alcoholic distress; delusions and trembling.
Dementia a potu	Insanity from drinking.
Dentes	The teeth.
Dentur ad scatulam (Dent. ad scat.)	Let them be put in a box.
Dentur tales doses (DTD)	Let such doses be given.
Detur (Det.)	Let it be given.
Detur in duplo (D. in dup.)	Let twice as much be given.
Detur, signetur	Let it be given and signed.
Dextro lateri (Dext. lat.)	To the right side.
Dicbus alternis (Dicb, altern.)	Every other day.
Die sequente (D. seq.)	On the following day.
Digere, Digeretur	Digest, Let it be digested.
Diluculo (Diluc.)	At break of day.
Dilue, Dilutus	Dilute (thou), Diluted.
Dimidius	One half.
Directione propria (DP)	With a proper direction.
Divide in partes aequales (D. in px)	Divide into equal parts.
Dolor	Pain.
Donec	Until.
Dosi pedetentim crescente (DPC)	The dose gradually increasing.
Dosis	Dose.
Dysenteria	Dysentery.
E gelatina vituli (E gel vit.)	In calf’s foot jelly.
E paulo aquae (E paul. aq.)	In a little water.
E quolibet vehiculo idoneo (E quol. vehic, idon.)	In any suitable vehicle.
Eadem (Ead.)	The same.
Ecclampsia	Convulsions.
Ejusdem (Ejusd.)	Of the same.
Electuarium (Elect.)	An electuary.
Emesis	Vomiting.
Emeticum (Emet.)	An emetic.
Empicus	Lung disease.
Emplastrum (Emp.)	A plaster.
Emplastrum lyttx (Emp. lytt.)	A blister.
Epilepsia	Epilepsy.
Et	And.
Etiam	Also, besides.
Evacuatio (Evac.)	A motion.
Evanuerit	Shall have disappeared.
Ex aqua (Ex aq.)	In water.
Ex parte	Partly.
Exhaustio	Exhaustion.
Exhibeatur (Exhib.)	Let it be exhibited.
Extemplo (Estempl.)	To at once, immediately.
Extende super alutam mollem (Ext. sup. alut. moll.)	Spread it on soft leather.
Extende, Extendatur	Spread, Let it be spread.
Extractum (Ext.)	An extract.
Fac	Make (thou).
Fascia lintea	A linen bandage.
Feber (Febris)	Fever.
Febri durante (Feb. dur.)	During the fever.
Febris Adenomeningea	Adenomeningeal Fever.
Febris Africana	African Fever.
Febris Angina	Angina.
Febris Castrensis	Camp Fever.
Febris Enterica	Enteric Fever.
Febris Flava	Yellow Fever.
Febris Intermittens	Intermittent Fever.
Febris Militarius	War Fever.
Febris Nervosa	Nervous Fever.
Febris Petechialis	Spotted Fever.
Febris Puerperalis	Puerperal Fever.
Febris Remittens	Remittent Fever.
Febris Rubra	Scarlet Fever.
Febris Scorbutica	Scorbutic Fever.
Febris Verminosa	Verminous Fever.
Femoribus internis (Fem. intern.)	To the inner part of the thighs.
Fiant pilulae (Ft. pil.)	Let the pills, be made.
Fiat	Let it be made.
Fiat haustus (Ft. haust.)	Let a draught be made.
Fiat lege artis (FLA)	Let it be made according to rule.
Fiat mistura (FM., ft. mist.)	Let a mixture be made.
Fiat pilula (Ft. pil.)	Let a pill be made.
Fiat secundum artem (FSA)	Let it be made according to art.
Filtrum (Filtr.)	A filter.
Flavus	Yellow.
Flores	Flowers.
Folia	Leaves.
Frigor	Cold.
Frustillatim	In small pieces.
Frustillatim (Frust.)	Little by little.
Frustum (Frust.)	A little bit.
Fuerit	Shall have been.
Fuscus	Brown, dark.
Gargarisma	A gargle.
Gelatina quavis (Gel. quav.)	In any kind of jelly.
Gradatim	By degrees, gradually.
Gratus	Peasant.
Gutta, Guttae	A drop, Drops.
Guttatim	By drops.
Gutturi applicandus (Guttur. appl.)	To be applied to the throat.
Harum pilulae tres sumantur (Har. pil. iij. s.)	Let three of these pills be taken
Haustus ter de die sumendus (Ht. TDDS)	The draught to be taken three times a day.
Hebdomada (Hebdom.)	For a week.
Hirudo	A leech.
Hora	An hour.
Hora somni (HS)	At bedtime. (At the hour of sleep)
Horae unius spatio (Hor. un. spat.)	At the expiration of one hour.
Horis intermediis (Hor, interm.)	In the intermediate hours.
Hujus formae (HF)	Of this shape. (emplast)
Idem	The same.
Identidem	Repeatedly, Often.
Idoneus	Sitable, proper, convenient.
Illico	Then, immediately.
Immitatur	Let it be placed in.
Impetu effervescentiae (Impet. efferv.)	During effervescence.
Imprimis	First, chiefly.
In decocto hordei (In decoct. hord.)	In barley water.
In dies (In d.)	From day to day.
In folio argenti volvendas (In fol. arg. vol.)	Rolled in silver leaf.
In fusum (Inf.)	An infusion.
In loco frigido	In a cold place.
In partes aequales (In p. aeq.)	Into equal parts.
In pulmento (In pulm.)	In gruel.
Incide, Incisus	Cut (thou), Being cut.
Inde	Therefrom.
Infectio	Infection.
Inflammatio	Inflammation.
Infricandus	To be rubbed in.
Infricetur (Infric.)	Let it be rubbed in.
Infunde (Infund.)	Pour in.
Ingere, Ingerendus	Put in, Putting into.
Injectio (Inj.)	An injection.
Injectio hypodermica (Inj. hyp.)	An hypodermic injection.
Injiciatur enema (Inj. enem.)	Let an enema be administered.
Inspissare (Insp.)	To thicken.
Instar	As big as, the size of.
Inter	Between.
Intus	Inwardly.
Ita	In such manner.
Jentaculum	Breakfast.
Jusculum	Soup.
Lana	Flannel, wool.
Languor	Waintness.
Latere admoveatur	Let it be applied to the side.
Lateri dolenti (Lat. dol.)	To the affected side.
Latus	The side.
Lectus	A bed.
Leniter	Easily, gently.
Linimentum parti affectre infricandum (Lin. p. a. infr.)	The liniment to be rubbed on the affected part.
Luce prima (Luc. p.)	Early in the morning, dawn
Luteus	Yellow.
Mane et vespere (M. et. v.)	Morning and evening.
Mane primo (MP)	Early in the morning.
Manipulus	A handful.
Marasmus	Weakness.
Massa pilularum (MP)	A pill mass.
Medicinae Doctor (MD)	Doctor of Medicine.
Mica panis (Mic. pan.)	A crumb of bread.
Misce, fiat mistura (M. ft. mist.)	Mix, and let a mixture be made.
Mittantur in phialam (Mittr. in phial.)	Let them be put into a phial.
Mittatur, mittantur (Mittr.)	Let it (let them) be sent.
Mitte quantitatem duplicem (M. q. dx.)	Send double quantity.
Modo dictu	As directed.
Modo praescripto	In the manner prescribed.
Mollis, molle	Soft.
Mora	Delay.
Morbus	Disease.
Morbus Hungaricus	Epidemic Typhus.
More dicto utendus (MDU)	To be used as directed.
More dictor (M. Dict.)	As directed.
More solito	In the usual manner.
More solito (MS)	In the usual manner.
Mors	Death.
Musculus latissimus dorsi	The widest muscle of the back.
Natus Mortuus	Stillborn.
Necnon	Not yet.
Nihil per os (NPO)	Nothing by mouth.
Nocte maneque	At night and in the morning.
Noctis	Of the night.
Non repetat	Let it not be repeated.
Noxa	An injury.
Nucha	The nape of the neck.
Nunc	Now.
Obitus	Death, Died.
Omni biduo (Omn. bid.)	Every two days.
Omni bihorio	Every two hours.
Omni hora	Every hour.
Omni mane	Every morning.
Omni nocte	Every night.
Ope penicilli	With a Camel	hair pencil.
Optimus	Best.
Opus	Need, occasion.
Os	The mouth.
Pabulum	Food.
Partes aequales (P. AE.)	Equal parts.
Parti affectae (Part. affect.)	To the affected part.
Parti affectae applicandus (PAA)	To be applied to the affected part.
Partitis vicibus (Part. vic.)	In divided doses.
Paucus	Little, few.
Pectus	The breast.
Pediluvium	A foot	bath.
Per deliquium (PD)	By deliquescence.
Per os (PO)	Through the mouth; By mouth.
Per rectum (PR)	Through the rectum.
Peracta operatione emetic (or, emetica) (Peract. op. emet.)	When the operation of the emetic is finished.
Percola	Strain through, percolate (thou)
Permittentibus viribus	The strength permitting.
Perpurus	Very clean.
Pes	The foot.
Plasma, Plasmetur	Mould, Let it be moulded.
Poculum	A cup, A little cup.
Postridie	On the next day.
Pestis	Plague.
Phiala prius agitata (PPA)	The bottle having been previously shaken.
Placebo	I will please. (Medical expression for remedies with no medical effect, which improve one’s medical condition only because one believes they do)
Pondere	By weight.
Post cibum (PC)	After meals.
Post jentaculum (Post jentac.)	After breakfast.
Post prandium (Post prand.)	After dinner.
Post quamque evacuationem (Post qq. evac.)	After each motion.
Post singulas sedes liquidas (Post sing, sed. liq.)	After each liquid motion.
Primum est noocere	First of all, do no harm. (Hippocrates; The maxim has become an ethical guiding principle in medical profession)
Pro dosi (PD)	For a dose.
Pro potu sumendus (Pro pot. s.)	To be taken as a drink.
Pro ratione aetatis (Pro. rat. wt.)	According to age.
Pro re nata (PRN)	As needed: As the occasion arises.
Proxima luce (Prox. luc.)	On the next day.
Proximo	Nearest.
Pulvinar humuli (Pulv, hum.)	A hop pillow.
Pulvis	Powder.
Quantitas duplex (Q. dx.)	A double quantity.
Quantum libet (QL)	As much as pleases. (As much as you wish)
Quantum sufficit (QS)	As much as suffices.
Quantum vis (QV)	As much as you wish.
Quibus	From which, by which.
Quam	As much as.
Quaque die (QD)	Every day.
Quaque hora (QH)	Every hour.
Quaque mane (QM)	Every morning.
Quaque nocte (QN)	Every night.
Quater die (QD)	Four times a day.
Quater in die (QID)	Take four times a day.
Quoque alternis die (QAD)	Every other day.
Quorum	Of which.
Recipe	Take (thou).
Recens	Fresh.
Renova	Renew (thou).
Redactus in pulverem (R. in pulv.)	Reduced to powder.
Redigatur in pulverem (Redig. in pulv.)	Let it be reduced to powder.
Remedium	Cure, remedy, nostrum, medicine.
Repetat (Rep., Repet.)	Let him repeat.
Rigor mortis	The stiffening of a dead body.
Res	A substance, a thing.
Rudicula (Rudic.)	A spatula.
Rumen	The throat.
Saepe	Frequently.
Sal	Salt.
Saltem	At least.
Saltim	By leaps.
Scilicet	Namely.
Semel	Once.
Semidrachma (Semidr.)	Half a drachm.
Sequenti luce (Seq. luc.)	The following day.
Sermihora (Semih.)	Half an hour.
Sesquihora (Sesquih.)	An hour and a half.
Sesuncia (Sesunc.)	Apt ounce and a half.
Si vires permittant (Si vir. perm.)	If the strength permit.
Siccus	Dry.
Simul	Together.
Sile hujus	Keep silence concerning this.
Sine	Without.
Signa, signetur, signentur (Sig.)	Let it be signed, sign.
Signetur (Sig.) or (S/)	Let it be labeled.
Singulis aurosis (Sing. auror.)	Every morning.
Singulis horae quadrantibus (Sing. hor. quad.)	Every quarter of an hour.
Solve, dissolve (Solv.)	Soluble tablets.
Spasmus	Cramps.
Spiritus vini rectificatus (SVR)	Rectified spirit.
Spiritus vini tenuior (SVT)	Proof spirit.
Statim (stat)	Immediately.
Statu effervescentiae (Stat. eff.)	Whilst effervescing.
Stratum super stratum (SSS)	Layer upon layer.
Sub finem coctionis (Sub fin. coct.)	When sufficiently boiled down.
Subinde	Frequently.
Spissus	Dense, hard.
Stillatim	By drops.
Somnus	Sleep.
Sumat talem (Sum. tal.)	Let the patient take one (or more) such.
Sumendus	To be taken.
Talis	Of such, like this.
Tantum	So much, so many.
Tegmen	A cover.
Tum	Then.
Tussis	A cough.
Tempori dextro (Temp. dext.)	To the right temple.
Ter in die (TID)	Thrice a day.
Tere simul (Ter. sim.)	Rub together.
Tinctura (Tr.)	A tincture.
Tussi urgente (Tuss. urg.)	If the cough is troublesome
Tussis	Cough.
Typhus	Typhoid fever.
Tuto	Safely.
Ubi pus, ibi evacua	Where there is pus, (there) evacuate it.
Ulna	The arm, elbow.
Una	together.
Unctus	Anointed, besmeared.
Ustus	Burnt.
Ut dictum	As directed.
Ut	So that, in order that.
Variola	Smallpox.
Vas	A vessel, utensil, bottle.
Vas vitreum	A glass vessel.
Vel	Or.
Venaesectio brachii	Bleeding in the arm.
Vesper	The evening.
Vires	strength.
Vinum	Wine.
Vicis, Vices	Change, changes.
Vermis	Worms.
Vomitione urgente	Vomiting being severe.

 

NAMES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

 

WATCH VIDEO ON THE TOPIC:

 

1.     Nature vocabulary – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXh7ZiqvPGw

 

REFERENCES:

Main:

1. Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi. The Latin Language and the Fundamentals of Medical Terminology. – Ternopil: Ukrmedknyha, 2004.

Supplementary:

1.     Smolska L.Yu., Kiselyova O.G. The Latіn Language and Medical Terminology Basics: Підручник. — 2-nd edition. — К.: Медицина, 2012. —     400 с.

2.     Laskowska D. Medical Latin Course. – 2007. Source: http://www.umed.pl/pl/doc/cnjo/Medical%20Latin%20Course%20-%20second%20version.pdf

3.     Marcekova Elena, Frantisek Simon, Ladislav Cerveny. Latin as the language of medical terminology: some remarks on its role and prospects. Source: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/10913254_Latin_as_the_language_of_medical_terminology_some_remarks_on_its_role_and_prospects

4.     Latin for pharmacy students / Ye.I.Svetlichnaya, I.A.Tolok, Ye.A.Volobuyeva. – Kharkiv: NUPh «Golden pages», 2011. – 248p.

5.     Bugaj M., Bugaj W., Kierczak A. Lingua Latina pharmaceutica. — Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2005.

6.     Fałdrowicz W., Grech-Żmilewska Z. Lingua Latina pro usu medico. — Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2004.

7.     Kołodziej A., Kołodziej  S. Lingua Latina medicinalis. — Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, 2008.