Grammar categories of adjectives, division into groups. Gender inflections, determining the stem. Structure of anatomical terms. Agreed attribute. Morphological and syntax structure of two-word and multiword anatomical terms with different types of attribute. Nouns of the first declension.
Adjective.
There are two great classes of adjectives in Latin.
1. Adjectives of the first and second declensions.
2. Adjectives of the third declension.
Here are the examples of some first class adjectives as they are given in a dictionary: longus, a um (long) dexter, tra, trum (right).
The first class masculine adjective ends in-us or-er, and is declined like a masculine noun of the Second declension. The feminine is declined like a noun of the First Declension. The Second Class adjectives are divided into 3 subclasses:
1. Adjectives with three gender inflections:
–er (m); -is (f); -e (n): saluber, salubris, salubre (healthy). In a dictionary the short form of these adjectives is given.
2. Adjectives with two gender inflections:
-is (m,f), -e (n): cervicalis, cervicale (cervicle). In a dictionary such forms of these adjectives are cervicalis, e (cervicle).
3. Adjectives having the same inflections: -s, -r, -x for all genders in the Nominative case, singular. In a dictionary these adjectives are given in Nom. et Gen. sing (as the Third Declensioouns):
simplex, –icis (simple); impar, –aris (impair), recens, ntis (recent, fresh) You can find the case inflexions of the third declension adjectives on the table in brackets. In medical terminology there are adjectives which are not used in the positive degree, but the compare degree corresponds to the positive degree.
You should learn them:
anterior (m, f), –ius (n)-anterior
posterior (m, f), –ius (n)- posterior
inferior (m, f), –ius (n)- inferior
superior (m, f),, –ius (n)- superior.
These adjectives are declined like the third declension, nouns.
Adjectives take inflections to show differences iumber and gender and case; and they always agree with the noun with which they go, e.g:
arteria transversa (transverse artery);
sulcus transversus (transverse sulcus);
ligamentum transversum (transverse ligament);
To agree the first class (I and II declension) adjectives with the third declensioouns you should remember that they have different case inflections e.g.: pulmo dextri (right lung); os latum (wide bone). Nouns have the third daclenslon inflections, adjectives have the first and the second declension inflections.
This rule holds good for the second class (the third declension) adjectives and the first, second, fourth, fifth declensioouns agreement, e.g.; fascia cervicalis (cervical fascia); nervus articularis (articular nerve).
Anatomic lexical minimum of adjectives
anatomicus, a, um – anatomic,
• cavus, a, um – caval . gastncus, a, um – gastric
coccygeus, a, um – coccygeal
dexter, tra, from – right
• intemus, a, um – internal medius, a,
profundus, a, um – profound
spurius, a, um – unreal
• transversus, a, um – transversal
• verus, a, um – real
communis, e – common
cranialis, e cranial
dorsalis^e -dorsal
femoralis, e – femoral
frontal is. e – frontal
The structure of anatomic terms.
A term is a word or a word combination which defines specific concept in some field of science, hnology or art.
According to their structure anatomic terms are divided into one-word, two-word, three-word and multiword terms.
1. One-word anatomic terms are formed by a noun in Nom. sing or plur.: costa (rib); nasus(nose);
vertebra( vertebra).
2. Two-word anatomic terms are formed by:
a) a noun in Nom, + an adjective agreed with it: costa vera (real rib); ligamentum transversum (transverse ligament).
b) a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen.: angiilus costae (angle of the rib); corpus vertebrae (body of the vertebra).
3. Three-word anatomic terms are formed by:
a) a noun in Nom. + two adjectives: arteria gastrica dextra (right gastric artery). In a three-word anatomic term an adjective indicating an organ or the part of an organ precedes an adjective Sticating size, shape and location, e.g.: vena hepatica media (right hepatic vein). A noun in Nom. precedes both adjectives.
b) a noun in Nom. + two nouns in Gen.: crista colli costae (crest of the rib’s neck);
c) a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen, + an adjective in Nom.:
fossa cranii media (middle hole of the skull)
or a noun in Nom. + an adjective in Nom. + a noun in Gen.:
vena coronaria ventriculi (coronary veins of the ventricle)
Pharmaceutical three-word terms are formed by:
a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen. + an adjective in Nom., e.g.: tinctura Valerianae aetherea-(ethereal tincture valerian). Anatomic terms do not follow this principle, therefore there are two variants.
Anatomic terms can be defined as different word combinations with a head word (a noun in Nom.):
Lexical minimum
• anterior, ius – anterior
auditorius, a, urn – acoustic
coccygeus, a, um –coccygeal
• coronarius, a, um – coronary
biliaris, e (felleus, a, um) – biliary, bilious
mucosus, a, um – mucous
albus, a, um – white
inspiratorius, a, um – inspirable
ceratus, a, um – waxed
Betula, ae f- birch
Mentha pipenta – peppermint
medicatus, a, um – medical, medicinal
acutus, a, um – acute
chole, es f – bile
conservatus, a, um – conserved
line – linea, ae f
distilled – destillatus, a, um
juice – succus, i m
waxed-ceratus, a, um
clinical terms
angina, ae f- angina, tonsillitis
ascltes, ae m – ascites, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity diaeta, ae f-diet fractura, ae f- fracture
haemoptoe, es f- hemoptysis, blood splitting
hernia, ae f-hernia pneumonia, ae f- pneumonia phlegmone, es f- phlegmon
