Grammar categories of adjectives, division into groups

GRAMMAR CATEGORIES OF ADJECTIVES, DIVISION INTO GROUPS. GENDER INFLECTIONS, DETERMINING THE STEM.

STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS.

AGREED ATTRIBUTE. MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTAX STRUCTURE OF TWO-WORD AND MULTIWORD ANATOMICAL TERMS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF ATTRIBUTE.

NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.

ADJECTIVE AS AN ATTRIBUTE

There are two great classes of adjectives in Latin.                                   

1. Adjectives of the first and second declensions.                                       

2. Adjectives of the third declension.

Here are the examples of some first class adjectives as they are given in a dictionary: longus, a um (long) dexter, tra, trum (right).

The first class masculine adjective ends in-us or-er, and is declined like a masculine noun of the Second declension. The feminine is declined like a noun of the First Declension. The Second Class adjectives are divided into 3 subclasses:

1. Adjectives with three gender inflections:

-er (m); -is (f); -e (n): saluber, salubris, salubre (healthy). In a dictionary the short form of these adjectives is given.

2. Adjectives with two gender inflections:

-is (m,f), -e (n): cervicalis, cervicale (cervicle). In a dictionary such forms of these adjectives are cervicalis, e (cervicle).

3. Adjectives having the same inflections: -s, -r, -x for all genders in the Nominative case, singular. In a dictionary these adjectives are given in Nom. et Gen. sing (as the Third Declensioouns):

simplex, -icis  (simple); impar, -aris (impair), recens, ntis (recent, fresh) You can find the case inflexions of the third declension adjectives on the table in brackets. In medical terminology there are adjectives which are not used in the positive degree, but the compare degree corresponds to the positive degree.

You should learn them:

anterior (m, f), -ius (n)-anterior

posterior (m, f), -ius (n)- posterior

inferior (m, f), -ius (n)- inferior          

superior (m, f),, -ius (n)- superior. 

These adjectives are declined like the third declension, nouns.

Adjectives take inflections to show differences iumber and gender and case; and they always agree with the noun with which they go, e.g:

arteria transversa (transverse artery);

sulcus transversus (transverse sulcus);

ligamentum transversum (transverse ligament);

  To agree the first class (I and II declension) adjectives with the third declensioouns you should remember that they have different case inflections e.g.: pulmo dextri (right lung); os latum (wide bone). Nouns have the third daclenslon inflections, adjectives have the first and the second declension inflections.

This rule holds good for the second class (the third declension) adjectives and the first, second, fourth, fifth declensioouns agreement, e.g.; fascia cervicalis (cervical fascia); nervus articularis (articular nerve).

Anatomic lexical minimum of adjectives

o       anatomicus, a, um – anatomic,

o       cavus, a, um – hollow

o       gastricus, a, um – gastric

o       coccygeus, a, um – coccygeal

o       dexter, tra, from – right

o       intemus, a, um – internal medius

o       profundus, a, um – profound

o       spurius, a, um – unreal

o       transversus, a, um – transversal

o       verus, a, um – real

o       communis, e – common

o       cranialis, e – cranial

o       dorsalis, e – dorsal

o       femoralis, e – femoral

o       frontal is, e – frontal

 

THE PATTERN OF DECLENSION

Singulāris

Nom.        tinctūra Arnĭcae           tincture of arnica

Gen.                   tinctūrae Arnĭcae                   of tincture of arnica

Dat.           tinctūrae Arnĭcae                   to tincture of arnica

Acc.                   tinctūram Arnĭcae        tincture of arnica (as Object)

Abl.          tinctūrā Arnĭcae           with/by tincture of arnica

Plurāris

Nom.        tinctūrae Arnĭcae                   tinctures of arnica

Gen.                   tincturārum Arnĭcae    of tinctures of arnica

Dat.           tinctūris Arnĭcae          to tinctures of arnica

Acc.                   tinctūras Arnĭcae                   tinctures of arnica (obj.)

Abl.          tinctūris Arnĭcae          by/with tincture of arnica

LEXICAL MINIMUM

Лексичний мінімум

Назви рослин

Arnĭca, ae f – arnica

Gentiāna, ae f – gentian

Schizandra, ae f – schizandra

Tormentilla, ae f – tormentil

Periplŏca, ae f – silkvine

Інші назви

camphŏra, ae f – camphore

 

capsŭla, ae f – capsule

gelatīna, ae f – gelatine

 

hora, ae f – hour

natūra, ae f – nature

pharmacīa, ae f – pharmacy

scatŭla, ae f – box

spīca, ae f – spike

vita, ae f – life

                                                                         

 

LEXICAL MINIMUM

А

ampulla, ae f  ampule

membrāna, ae f  membrane

apertūra, ae f  apertura

myofibra, ae f muscle fibre    

capsŭla, ae f capsule

particŭla, ae f  small particle

clavicŭla, ae f  clavicle

sella, ae f saddle 

lacūna, ae f  hollow

semilūna, ae f half-moon

lamella, ae f blade

tela, ae f  layer

linea, ae f line      

uvŭla, ae f  tongue of the bladder

lingua, ae f tongue

valva, ae f valve

lingŭla, ae f tongue       

vena, ae f vein     

medulla ossium flava yellow medulla

venŭla, ae f venule

medulla ossium gelatinōsa gelatinous medulla

vesīca, ae f bladder

medulla ossium rubra red medulla

vesicŭla, ae f vesicule

ampulla, ae f ampulle

herba, ae f herb

aqua, ae f  water

hora, ae f hour

Arnĭca, ae f Arnica       

Mentha, ae mint

minūta, ae f berry

Belladonna, ae f belladonna

planta, ae f plant

Betŭla, ae f birch

tabuletta, ae f tablet     

charta, ae f paper

tela, ae f gouze

 

gemma, ae f gemma

tinctūra, ae f tincture

gutta, ae f drop

Valeriāna, ae f valeriana

anaemia, ae f anaemia

insufficientia, ae f insufficiency       

angīna, ae f angina

рneumonia, ae f pneumonia

deficientia, ae f  deficiency  

rubeŏla, ae f scarlet fever

fractūra, ae f frature

struma, ae f  goitre

gangraena, ae f  gangrene

tonsilla, ae f tonsil

gravĭtas, ātis f gravity

varicella, ae f chicken pox

hernia, ae f  hernia

Exercises

І. Translate into English:

1. Herba Ephedrae. 2. Herbārum Convallariae et Gentiānae. 3. Tinctūrae Schizandrae. 4. Aqua Rosārum. 5. Massa gelatīnae. 6. Frangŭla, Senna, Viŏla, Thea plantae medicātae sunt. 7. Gemmārum Betŭlae. 8. In apothēca multae plantae medicātae sunt. 9. Aquae Amygdalārum. 10. Guttae tinctūrae Valeriānae.

Prepositions (praepositiones).

Prepositions in Latin help the inflections. The inflections show the relation between the noun and other words in the sentence, but often require prepositions to help them in doing this, and to indicate special relations. Thus Latin has two ways of showing the relation betweeouns and other words: prepositions and inflections. English has practically only one –prepositions.

 Prepositions are frequently used in medical and pharmaceutical expressions. Latin prepositions require certain case. Some prepositions take Ablativus, the other take Accusativus. Two prepositions in, sub take either Ablativus or Accusativus.

 The following prepositions take Ablativus. It will help you if you learn by heart the following rhyme:

        Put the Ablative with de,

        cum and coram, ab and e,

        sine, tenus, pro and prae            

Meanings

ab and a – from (ab is used before a vowel)

                  e.g.: a vertebra – from vertebra

                          ab aorta – from aorta

cum – with

                 e.g.: cum tinctura – with tincture   

de – away from, or down from, about

                 e.g.: de vertebris – about vertebrae

e, ex – out of, away from (ex before a vowel)

                  e.g.: e lagoena – out of a bottle

                          ex 10,0 -100 ml – out of 10 grams you get 100 ml.

pro – for, before (with time or place)

                  e.g.: pro aegrota – for a patient

                          pro patria – for Motherland

sine –without

                  e.g.: sine ira – without anger

All other prepositions take Accusativus:

ad – to, near, incase of

                 e.g.: ad aegrotam –for the patient

                         ad hypertoniam – in case of hypertension

ante – before, prior to,

                  e.g.: ante operationem – before the operation

contra – against, for

                  e.g.: contra tussim –for cough

inter – between

                  e.g.: inter costas –between the ribs

per – through, during

                  e.g.: per telam – through web-like structure

                          per horam – during an hour

post – after,

                  e.g.: post cibos – after meals

 Prepositions in(into) and sub(under, below) can take either Accusativus or Ablativus but have a different meaning according to the case. When “motion towards” is meant they take Accusativus.

  E.g.: in lagoenam nigram – in a black bottle;

          sub scapulam – under the scapula.

 When “place where” is meant, they take Ablativus

 e.g.: in lagoena nigra – in a black bottle

         sub scapula – under the scapula

Super and subter (over and under) can take both, but are rarer.

Two nouns (causa, gratia – for), which are used in the function of prepositions, take Genetivus, e.g.

              honoris causa – for honour (professor honoris causa)

              amicorum gratia – for friend’s sake

 These two nouns usually come after a noun or a word combination in Genetivus.

Direct object

The Noun that follows directly the verb is called direct object:

Recĭpe tabulettam – take a tablet

                          Recĭpe tabulettas – take tablets

                          Sume tinctūram – take tincture

Examples з Accusatīvus:

 

ad hypertoniam – while hypertonia

ad ollam – into a bottle

ad officīnam – for a drug store

ad 200 ml – up to 200 ml

ante cenam – before dinner

post cenam – after dinner

per chartam – through paper

per telam – through gauze

per horam – during an hour

contra angīnam – against angina

Examples with Ablatīvus:

еx (before vowels): ex aquā – from water

e (before consonants): e plantā (plantis) – from herbs

cum – with (whom? what?): cum aquā – with water

sine irā – without anger

pro aegrotā – for an ill

pro patriā – for the motherland

de medicinā – about medicine

 

Exercises with Accusativus i  Ablatiīvus:

in lagēnam – into a bottle

in lagēna – in a bottle

sub linguam – under the tongue

sub linguā – under the tongue

Latin Aphorisms

Ad littĕram.	– Literraly
Contra factum non datur argumentum.	– There is no argument against the fact
Cum Deo.	– With God
De facto.	– Actually
Pro et contra.	– Pros and cons
Pro forma.	– Formally
Pro memoria.	– To remember
Per scientiam ad salūtem aegroti.	– Through the knowledge to the patient’s health.

Aphorisms

Divĭde et impĕra.	– Divide and rule.
Fac et spera.	– Do and hope.
Festīna lente!	– Be quick but slowly!
Est medicina triplex: servāre, cavēre, medēri.	– The task of medicine is triple:    preserve, take care and cure.

Latin aphorisms

Natura sanat, medĭcus curat.		– The nature sanitates, and a doctor cures.
Bene dignoscĭtur – bene curātur.		– What is good diagnosed is good treated.
Vipĕram nutrīre sub alā.		– To feed the snake under the wing.
Dum spīro, spēro.		– Hope till I live.
Non scholae, sed vitae discĭmus.		– We study not for school but for life.
Barba non facit philosŏphum.  –	Bear doesn’t make a pholosopher.
De mortuis aut bene aut nihil. –	About the dead we speak good or nothing.
Fortunae filius. –	Fortune’s pet.
Lupus non mordet lupum. –	Wolf doesn’t bite another wolf.
Medice, curа te ipsum. –	Doctor, cure yourself
Medicus amīcus humani geněris. –	Doctor is the human generation’s friend.
Domĭne, adjuva me! –	God, please, help me!
Amīcus certus in re incerta cernĭtur. –			Friend in need is friend indeed.
Avāri semper egent. –			The greedy always beg.
Extrēmis malis, extrēma remedia. –			The serious methods against the serious diseases.
Eventus est magister stultōrum. –			Accident is the teacher of fools.
Fortūna caeca est. –			The fortune is blind
Honesta vita – beata vita. –			Hounest life is happy life.

 

THE VERB

Latin verbs are widely used in aphorisms and prescriptions. The main categories of Latin verbs are:

·       two numbers: numerus singularis (sing) – singular;

                                   numerus pluralis (plur.) – plural;

·       three persons: persona prima – the first person;

                          persona secunda – the second person;

                          persona tertia – the third person;

·       six tenses (in medical schools study only praesens);

·       two voices (genus): activum (active voice);

                                  passivum (passive voice);

·       three moods: modus indicativus – the Indicative Mood;

                        modus conjunctivus – the Subjunctive Mood;

                        modus imperativus – the Imperative Mood;

·       Infinitive – modus infinitivus.

 

 The verbs are divided into conjugations. They are classed according to the termination of the Present Infinitive form.

·     Verbs with infinitives in –are belong to the first conjugation.

·     Verbs with infinitives in –ēre belong to the second conjugation.

·     Verbs with infinitives in –ĕre belong to the third declension.

·     Verbs with infinitives in –ire belong to the fourth declension.

E.g. curare -1 (to cure, to treat);

       studere -2(to sudy);

       dividere -3(to divide);

       nutrire -4(to feed).

  To find Present stem you drop –re in the Present Infinitive of the first, second and fourth conjugation verbs, and –ere in the Present Infinitive of the third conjugation verbs. E.g.

      curare – the  stem is cura-

      studere – the stem is stude-

      dividere – the stem is divid-

      nutrire – the stem is nutri-

 

 Modus imperativus has two forms: the second person singular and the second person plural.

 The first one, that is Imperative Mood singular, is formed by dropping –re in the infinitives of four conjugations:

 curare – cura (treat)

 studere – stude (study)

 dividere – divide (divide)

 nutrire – nutri (nutri)

 The second form is the Imperative Mood plural, is formed by adding the ending –te to the stem of the first, second and fourth conjugation verbs and by adding –ite to the stem of the third conjugation verbs. E.g.:

                  1. curare – cura(stem)+te=curate

                  2. studere – stude(stem)+te=studete

                  3. dividere – divid(stem)+ite=dividite

                  4. nutrire – nutri(stem)+te=nutrire

 The word order in a Latin sentence is usually different from an English one. The first word is emphatic, and is usually the subject of the sentence, and the last word, also emphatic, is usually verb. Adjectives in Latin come either before or after the nouns they qualify. Adverbs precede verbs. Other verbs or phrases, e.g. prepositions and the words they qualify, relative clauses and participles, are usually placed inside the sentence in the natural order of thought.

Present simple active and passive voice

 (Praesens indicatīvi actīvi et passīvi)

Present Simple forms by means of adding proper personal endings to the stem with the help of connective vowels :

 

Person	Actīvum		Passīvum
	Singulāris	Plurālis	Singulāris	Plurālis
1. 2. 3.	– o – s – t	– mus – tis – nt	– or – ris – tur	– mur – mĭni – ntur

In prescription terminology only the third person of plural and singular is used. 

Pattern of declining of the verbs of the present tense in third person singular and plural:

	Активний стан	Пасивний стан
І declension   ІІ declension   Ш declension   IV declension	da – t   he, she, it gives da – nt   they give misce – t   he, she, it gives misce – nt   they mix divid – ĭ – t   he, she, it divides divid – u – nt   they divide audi – t   she, he, it listens audi – u – nt   they listen	da – tur   it is given da – ntur   they are given miscē – tur   it is given miscē – ntur   they are given divid – ĭ – tur   it is divided divid – u – ntur they are divided audī – tur   it is listened audi – u – ntur they are listened

 

So, while declining of the III declension of verbs the personal endings are added to the stem of the verb with the help of connective vowels: –і– (for singular), and –u– (for plural); connective vowel –u– is also in the IV declension in the third person plural.

Personal pronouns in verbs usually are not used, because the personal endings define the person, e.g.: filtrat – he/she/it filters; filtrant – they filter.

Lexical minimum on Verb

І declension	ІI                                                                                       declension	ІІІ declension	IV declension
agitāre – to agitate	аdhibēre – to apply	addĕre – to add	audīre – to listen
colāre – filter (percolāre)	habēre – have	concidĕre – to cut	finīre – to finish
dāre – give	miscēre – to mix	conspergĕre – to powder	linīre – to spread on
destillāre – to distilate	studēre – to study	сontundĕre – to pound	erudīre – to teach
еxsiccāre – to dry	valēre – to be health	coquĕre – to cook	nutrīre – to feed
filtrāre – filter	tacēre – to be silent	dividĕre – to divide	sentīre – to feel
formāre – to form	salvēre – to be healthy	infundĕre – to pour	venīre – to come
lavāre – to wash	continēre – to include	recipĕre – to take	tussīre – to cough
macerāre – to wet	nocēre – to harm	repetĕre – to repete	scīre – to know
parāre (praeparāre)- to prepare	debēre- to be on duty	terĕre – to rub, to grate	dormīre – to sleep
refrigerāre – to make cold	docēre – to teach	sumĕre – to take	munīre(immunire) – to make stronger
servāre (conservāre) – to conserve	vidēre – to see	vertĕre – to turn over
signāre – to mark	movēre – to move	vivĕre – to live
sterіlisāre – to sterilize	tenēre – to keep	dicĕre – to speak

 

 

Exercises

І. Translate into English:

1. Pharmaceuta Camphŏram tritam cum tinctūra Valeriānae miscet. 2. Farfara, Urtīca, Rosa canīna, Viŏla, Calendŭla, Ruta plantae medicātae sunt. 3. Cera et axungia in pharmacologia adhibentur. 4. Tinctūrae per chartam filrantur. 5. Pilŭlae in scatŭlis vel in ollis dantur. 6. Telam in officīna sterilĭsant. 7. Pharmacopōla aquam bis destillat. 8. Aegrōta mixtūram agĭtat. 9. Lagēnae et ollae lavantur, sterilisantur, exsiccantur. 10. Pharmaceutae herbas diu coquunt.

ІІ. Translate into Latin:

1. Pharmasist mixes the tincture of convalaria with the tincture of valeriana. 2. Camphora is not soluble in water. 3. Mass of the pills is divided into. 4. Tablets are soluble and triturated in water. 5. The ill takes drops of the tincture of Valerian.

 

Exercises

І. Define the stem and definethe declension:

communicāre, cingĕre, olēre, invocāre, docēre, conterĕre, informāre, erudīre, exprimĕre, macerāre, obducĕre, adjuvāre, continēre, extrahĕre.

II. Form the second person and translate into English:

concidĕre, coquĕre, contundĕre, exsiccāre, formāre, colāre, dividĕre, vertĕre, linīre, palpāre, auscultāre, lavāre, sterilisāre.

ІІІ. Translate into English:

1.Misce. Da. Signa. 2. Concīde, contunde et tere. 3. Bene stude. 4. Salve. Salvēte. 5. Vale. Valēte. 6. Infunde aquam Amygdalārum. 7. Repete. Repetĭte. 8. Tere et solve statim. 9. Verte. 10. Bene sterilĭsa. 11. Cave. 12. Tenēte memoriā. 13. Solve tabulettas. 14. Infunde in lagēnam. 15. Da mixtūram in vitro fusco. 16. Audīte magistram. 17. Praescrībe aquam Chamomillae. 18. Conspergĭte exacte. 19. Sume guttas tinctūrae Valeriānae. 20. Lava et sterilĭsa ollas et lagēnas. 21. Recĭpe. Recipĭte.

IV. Translate into Latin:

1.Keep in safety. 2. Listen carefully. 3. Quickly prepare and give. 4. Make cold and filter. 5. Take immediately. 6. Listen carefully and write down. 7. Study well. 8. Mix tincture of valerian with the tincture of convalaria. 9. Dry the berries. 10. The life is on earth and in water.

 

 

 

 

THE STRUCTURE OF ANATOMIC TERMS.

A term is a word or a word combination which defines specific concept in some field of science, hnology or art.

According to their structure anatomic terms are divided into one-word, two-word, three-word and multiword terms.

1. One-word anatomic terms are formed by a noun in Nom. sing or plur.: costa (rib); nasus(nose);

vertebra( vertebra).

2. Two-word anatomic terms are formed by:

a)    a noun in Nom, + an adjective agreed with it: costa vera (real rib); ligamentum transversum (transverse ligament).

b)    a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen.: angiilus costae (angle of the rib); corpus vertebrae (body of the vertebra).

3. Three-word anatomic terms are formed by:

a)    a noun in Nom. + two adjectives: arteria gastrica dextra (right gastric artery). In a three-word anatomic term an adjective indicating an organ or the part of an organ precedes an adjective Sticating size, shape and location, e.g.: vena hepatica media (right hepatic vein). A noun in Nom. precedes both adjectives.

b)   a noun in Nom. + two nouns in Gen.: crista colli costae (crest of the rib’s neck);

c)   a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen, + an adjective in Nom.:

fossa cranii media (middle hole of the skull)

or a noun in Nom. + an adjective in Nom. + a noun in Gen.:

vena coronaria ventriculi (coronary veins of the ventricle)

Pharmaceutical three-word terms are formed by:

a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen. + an adjective in Nom., e.g.: tinctura Valerianae aetherea-(ethereal tincture valerian). Anatomic terms do not follow this principle, therefore there are two variants.

Anatomic terms can be defined as different word combinations with a head word (a noun in Nom.):

Lexical minimum

o       • anterior, ius – anterior

o       auditorius, a, urn – acoustic

o       coccygeus, a, um -coccygeal

o       coronarius, a, um – coronary

o       biliaris, e (felleus, a, um) – biliary, bilious

o       mucosus, a, um – mucous

o       albus, a, um – white

o       inspiratorius, a, um – inspirable

o       ceratus, a, um – waxed

o       Betula, ae f- birch

o       Mentha pipenta – peppermint

o       medicatus, a, um – medical, medicinal

o       acutus, a, um – acute

o       chole, es f – bile

o       conservatus, a, um – conserved

o       line – linea, ae f

o       distilled – destillatus, a, um

o       juice – succus, i m

o       waxed-ceratus, a, um

 

clinical terms

o       angina, ae f- angina, tonsillitis

o       ascltes, ae m – ascites, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

o       diaeta, ae f-diet  

o       fractura, ae f- fracture

o       haemoptoe, es f- hemoptysis, blood splitting

o       hernia, ae f–hernia

o       pneumonia, ae f– pneumonia

o       phlegmone, es f– phlegmon

 

 

THE NOTION “CLINICAL TERM”. TYPES OF CLINICAL TERMS. . THE STRUCTURE OF COMPOSING TERMS IN LATIN AND ENGLISH . WORD-FORMATION. LATIN PREPOSITIONS AS PREFIXES.

A term is a word or a word combination which defines specific concept in some field of science , technology or art.

         According to their structure anatomic terms are divided into one-word, two-word, three-word and multi-word terms.

1. One-word anatomic terms are formed by a noun in Nom. sing or plur.: costa (rib); nasus(nose); vertebra(vertebra).

2. Two-word anatomic terms are formed by:

a)     a noun in Nom. + an adjective agreed with it: costa vera (real rib); ligamentum transversum (transversal ligament).

b)    a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen.: angŭlus costae (angle of the rib); corpus vertebrae (body of the vertebra).

3. Three-word anatomic terms are formed by:

a)     a noun in Nom. + two adjectives: arteria gastrĭca dextra (right gastric artery).

In a three-word anatomic term an adjective indicating an organ or the part of an organ precedes an adjective indicating size, shape and location, e.g.: vena hepatĭca media (right hepatic vein). A noun in Nom. precedes both adjectives.

b)    a noun in Nom. + two nouns in Gen.: crista colli costae (crest of the rib’s neck); ligamentum capĭtis femŏris (ligament of the femoral bone head).

c)     a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen. + an adjective in Nom.:

fossa cranii media (middle hole of the skull)

                            or

a noun in Nom. + an adjective in Nom. + a noun in Gen.:

vena coronaria ventricŭli (coronary veins of the ventricle)

         Pharmaceutical three-word terms are formed by:

a noun in Nom. + a noun in Gen. + an adjective in Nom., e.g.: tinctūra Valeriānae aetherea-ethereal tincture of valerian. Anatomic terms do not follow this principle, therefore there are two variants.

Anatomic terms can be defined as different word combinations with a head word  (a noun in Nom.): vagīna externa nervi optĭci (external vagina of the optic nerve); segmentum basāle posterius pulmōnis sinistri (posterior basic segment of the left lung).

THE WAYS OF FORMING MEDICAL TERMS.

The better you can analize medical terms (that is be able to find their roots, suffixes, prefixes, stems; comprehend the meaning of Greek and Latin components, remember the Greek equivalents of the Latin words) the easier you will learn and remember them.

There are two main ways of word forming in Latin:

1. Affixation (adding prefixes and suffixes to the stem, e.g.: vertĕbra (vertebra); vertebr-āl-is, e (vertebral); inter-vertebr-āl-is, e (intervertabral); Mentha (mint), Menth-ōl-um (menthol).

The words formed by affixation are called derived words.

2. Word combination (when two or more stems go together to form a new word. E.g.: gastroenterologia (gaster, gastr-is (stomach), enter-on (intestine), logia (science)) – the branch of internal medicine which deals with normal functioning and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The words formed in this way are called compound.

Latin words are joined by the vowels –i– and –o–, e.g.: mult-i-cellulāris (multicellular); sacr-o-lumbālis (sacrolumbar); cerebr-o-spinālis (cerebrospinal).

Greek words are joined by the vowel -o-, e.g.: arthr-o-pathia (the disease of joints). When the second word begins with a vowel, then-o-is often dropped, e.g.: neur-algia (neuralgia); aden-ectomia (adenoctomy is the removing of gland).

To form compound and derived words the stems of the words determined in Gen. sing. are most frequently used, e.g.: dermatītis (from derma, dermat-is (skin)) means inflammation of the skin, dermatologia (the science about skin diseases).

 Sometimes the stem of the word in Nom. is used for better pronunciation, e.g.: py-o-derm-ia (purulent inflammation of the skin); epi-derm-is (epidermis).

In a compound noun an attribute usually comes first, while the head word is the final element (it is called the final term element), e.g.: dermatologia (derma, tis – skin; logia – science) – the science about skin diseases.

The final term element is a steady element of a compound word, it has constant meaning and can form several terms, e.g.: the term element – algia denotes the pain having no organic origin:

gastralgia (gastric pain); odontalgia (toothache), myalgia (pain in the muscles), etc.

As far as medical terms are formed by two languages (the anatomic and histologic terms are formed by the Latin language, the clinical terms are formed mainly by the Old Greek language, the pharmaceutical terms are formed by both Latin and Greek languages), you should learn Greek roots and other word-forming elements, especially final term elements of the Latin words.

Clinical terminology is one of the most difficult subsystems of the medical terminology. It includes both the names of diseases or pathologic processes and the ways of their examination and treatment.

Greek equivalents of the Latin first conjugatioouns

 Final term elements

 

Exercise 1

Read the terms, underline their components, determine their meaning, translate into English:

phytotherapia; histologia; cystoplegia; cholecystotomia; myelopathia; glossalgia; hydraemia; Gynaecologia; dacryadenalgia; hyperergia; dysergia; spondylotomia; hypalgesia; dacryorrhoea; phlebectasia; adenectomia; anaemia; keratotomia; blepharoplegia; uraemia; cystoscopia; cytologia; biologia; hydrotherapia; aetiologia; myelocele; mastopathia; dysopsia; physiologia; biopsia; salpingotomia; physiotherapia.

 

Exercise 2

Translate into Latin (in a written form):

the increase of water contents in blood; hernia of the spinal cord (medulla); the disease of gallbladder; lacrimation; extension of stomach; forming fistula of gallbladder; excision of vein, hypersalivation; pain in the tonque; reduced reactivity of the organism; suture of the vein; treatment by means of natural agents; science that studies tissues.

Greek equivalents of the Latin terms

Latin word                     Greek word and its stem                             Meaning

anĭmus                           psyche, psych–                                 soul

calcŭlus                          lithos, lith–                                        calculus

cancer                            carcinos, carcin–                              cancer

cibus                              trophe, troph–                                   food

 

Final term elements

–         iatria        – science which deals with the treatment of diseases

–         paedia      – correction of deficiencies or shortcomings, fostering right skills

–         trophia     – nutrition

 

Exercise 1

I. Decline the word combinations:

Paediāter perītus  (an experienced pediatrician);

periŏdus critĭca (critical period);

morbus  ulcerōsus (ulcerous disease);

diameter transversa (transverse diameter)

 

Exercise 2

Translate the clinical terms into English :

catarrhus siccus;

ictĕrus hepatĭcus;

morbus chronĭcus;

typhus exanthematĭcus;

psychiatria;

logopaedia;

lithotomia;

dystrophia.

 

Exercise 3

Translate the terms into Latin:

Pharmaceutical

Syrup made from raspberry juice;

give 10 doses;

in a dark place;

juice made from cherry’s berries.

Clinical

Catarrh of the ventricle;

ulcerous disease;

science which deals with psychic diseases;

congenital heart disease;

punctured wound;

complicated fractures;

nodular diffuse struma;

disordered function of the organ;

complete inguinal hernia.

 

Prefixes of Greek Origin

dys– (indicates functional disorder), e.g.: dyspepsia (stomach disorder);

hyper– (very high), e.g.: hyperacūsis (abnormally risen acuteness of hearing);

hypo– (very low), e.g.: hypotonia (diminished blood pressure);

syn–/sym– before “m”, “p”, “ph” (joining), e.g.: symphўsis (symphysis).

          

Roots of Greek Origin

hydr– (water), e.g.: Hydrophobia (fear of the water, hydrophobia);

oxy– (acute, very sharp), e.g.: oxydatio (oxidation), oxyopia (abnormally risen acuteness of vision).

 

Read correctly the words with the suffixes and prefixes of Greek origin:

Dyspnoё (dyspnea), dystrophia (dystrophy), hypertonia (hypertension), hypochondriăcus (hypochondrial), syndrōmum (complex of symptoms), sympathĭcus (sympathatic), hydrochlorĭcus (hydrochloric), oxydātus (oxidized).

Case inflections of the nouns belonging

to five declensions

 

USEFUL MEDICAL SAYINGS AND APHORISMS

Abscessus	Abscess.
Absente febre (Abs. feb.)	Fever being absent.
Accessio	Seizure.
Accurate	Accurately.
Acerbus	Sharp, harsh (to the taste).
Ad conciliandum gustum	To suit the taste.
Ad duas vices	At twice taking.
Ad partes dolentes (Ad. Part. Dolent.)	To the painful (aching) parts.
Ad saturandum (Ad sat.)	To saturation.
Ad secundum vicem	For the second time.
Ad tertiam vicem	For the third time.
Adde, Addantur	Add, Let them be added.
Adhibendus (Adhib.)	To be administered.
Adstante febri (Ads. feb.)	While fever is present.
Adversum (Adv.)	Against.
Aeger	The sick one, the patient.
Aggrediente febre (Aggr. feb.)	While the fever is coming on.
Agita	Shake, stir.
Agita ante sumendum	Shake before taking.
Agitato vase	The vile being shaken.
Agitetur	Let it be shaken or stirred.
Alternis horis	Every other hour.
Alvus	The belly, the bowels.
Ante cibum (AC)	Before meals.
Ante prandium (AP)	Before a meal.
Apoplexia	Apoplexy, Stroke.
Appone, Applica	Apply, Lay or put on.
Aqua pura (Aq. pur.)	Pure water. (filtered, not distilled)
Baccalaureus Medicinae (BM)	Bachelor of Medicine.
Balneum maris (BM)	Salt	water bath.
Balneum tepidum (BT)	A tepid bath.
Bis in die (bid.)	Twice a day.
Bolus	A large pill.
Brachium	Arm.
Bulliat, Bulliant	Let it (or them) boil.
Butyrum	Butter.
Calor	Heat, warmth.
Capiatur (Capr.)	Let it be taken.
Capillus	A hair.
Caput	The head.
Caute	Cautiously.
Cena	Supper.
Cibus	Food, victuals.
Cito	Quickly.
Clarus	Bright, clear.
Cochleare, Cochleatim	A spoonful. By spoonfuls.
Coctio	Boiling.
Colaturas	About to strain. (Sufficient to strain)
Colatus	Strained.
Colentur	Let them be strained.
Colica	Colic.
Collum	The neck.
Collutorium (Collut.)	A mouth	wash.
Collyrium (Collyr.)	An eye	lotion.
Commisce	Mix together.
Constipatio	Constipation.
Contere	Rub together.
Contusus	Buised.
Convulsio	Convulsions.
Coque secundum artem (Coq. SA)	Boil according to art.
Cor	The heart.
Coup	Stroke.
Coxa	The hip.
Cras mane (CM)	Tomorrow morning.
Cras mane sumendus (CMS)	To be taken tomorrow morning.
Cras nocte (CN)	Tomorrow night.
Crastinus (Crast.)	For tomorrow.
Cruor	Blood, gore.
Cum	With.
Cura te ipsum	Physician, heal thyself!
Cursu hodie	During the day.
Cyathus aquae (C. aq.)	A glass of water.
Da, signa (DS)	Give and sign.
Deaurentur pilulae (Deaur. pil.)	Let the pills be gilt.
Debilitas	Debility, Illness, Weakness.
Debita spissitudine (D, spiss.)	With a proper consistence.
Decanta	Pour off.
Decessus	Died, Death.
Decoctum	A decoction.
Decubitus	Lying down.
Decubitus (Decub.)	Lying down.
Deglutiatur (Deglut.)	Let it be swallowed.
Dejectiones alvi	Stools.
Delirium tremens	Alcoholic distress; delusions and trembling.
Dementia a potu	Insanity from drinking.
Dentes	The teeth.
Dentur ad scatulam (Dent. ad scat.)	Let them be put in a box.
Dentur tales doses (DTD)	Let such doses be given.
Detur (Det.)	Let it be given.
Detur in duplo (D. in dup.)	Let twice as much be given.
Detur, signetur	Let it be given and signed.
Dextro lateri (Dext. lat.)	To the right side.
Dicbus alternis (Dicb, altern.)	Every other day.
Die sequente (D. seq.)	On the following day.
Digere, Digeretur	Digest, Let it be digested.
Diluculo (Diluc.)	At break of day.
Dilue, Dilutus	Dilute (thou), Diluted.
Dimidius	One half.
Directione propria (DP)	With a proper direction.
Divide in partes aequales (D. in px)	Divide into equal parts.
Dolor	Pain.
Donec	Until.
Dosi pedetentim crescente (DPC)	The dose gradually increasing.
Dosis	Dose.
Dysenteria	Dysentery.
E gelatina vituli (E gel vit.)	In calf’s foot jelly.
E paulo aquae (E paul. aq.)	In a little water.
E quolibet vehiculo idoneo (E quol. vehic, idon.)	In any suitable vehicle.
Eadem (Ead.)	The same.
Ecclampsia	Convulsions.
Ejusdem (Ejusd.)	Of the same.
Electuarium (Elect.)	An electuary.
Emesis	Vomiting.
Emeticum (Emet.)	An emetic.
Empicus	Lung disease.
Emplastrum (Emp.)	A plaster.
Emplastrum lyttx (Emp. lytt.)	A blister.
Epilepsia	Epilepsy.
Et	And.
Etiam	Also, besides.
Evacuatio (Evac.)	A motion.
Evanuerit	Shall have disappeared.
Ex aqua (Ex aq.)	In water.
Ex parte	Partly.
Exhaustio	Exhaustion.
Exhibeatur (Exhib.)	Let it be exhibited.
Extemplo (Estempl.)	To at once, immediately.
Extende super alutam mollem (Ext. sup. alut. moll.)	Spread it on soft leather.
Extende, Extendatur	Spread, Let it be spread.
Extractum (Ext.)	An extract.
Fac	Make (thou).
Fascia lintea	A linen bandage.
Feber (Febris)	Fever.
Febri durante (Feb. dur.)	During the fever.
Febris Adenomeningea	Adenomeningeal Fever.
Febris Africana	African Fever.
Febris Angina	Angina.
Febris Castrensis	Camp Fever.
Febris Enterica	Enteric Fever.
Febris Flava	Yellow Fever.
Febris Intermittens	Intermittent Fever.
Febris Militarius	War Fever.
Febris Nervosa	Nervous Fever.
Febris Petechialis	Spotted Fever.
Febris Puerperalis	Puerperal Fever.
Febris Remittens	Remittent Fever.
Febris Rubra	Scarlet Fever.
Febris Scorbutica	Scorbutic Fever.
Febris Verminosa	Verminous Fever.
Femoribus internis (Fem. intern.)	To the inner part of the thighs.
Fiant pilulae (Ft. pil.)	Let the pills, be made.
Fiat	Let it be made.
Fiat haustus (Ft. haust.)	Let a draught be made.
Fiat lege artis (FLA)	Let it be made according to rule.
Fiat mistura (FM., ft. mist.)	Let a mixture be made.
Fiat pilula (Ft. pil.)	Let a pill be made.
Fiat secundum artem (FSA)	Let it be made according to art.
Filtrum (Filtr.)	A filter.
Flavus	Yellow.
Flores	Flowers.
Folia	Leaves.
Frigor	Cold.
Frustillatim	In small pieces.
Frustillatim (Frust.)	Little by little.
Frustum (Frust.)	A little bit.
Fuerit	Shall have been.
Fuscus	Brown, dark.
Gargarisma	A gargle.
Gelatina quavis (Gel. quav.)	In any kind of jelly.
Gradatim	By degrees, gradually.
Gratus	Peasant.
Gutta, Guttae	A drop, Drops.
Guttatim	By drops.
Gutturi applicandus (Guttur. appl.)	To be applied to the throat.
Harum pilulae tres sumantur (Har. pil. iij. s.)	Let three of these pills be taken
Haustus ter de die sumendus (Ht. TDDS)	The draught to be taken three times a day.
Hebdomada (Hebdom.)	For a week.
Hirudo	A leech.
Hora	An hour.
Hora somni (HS)	At bedtime. (At the hour of sleep)
Horae unius spatio (Hor. un. spat.)	At the expiration of one hour.
Horis intermediis (Hor, interm.)	In the intermediate hours.
Hujus formae (HF)	Of this shape. (emplast)
Idem	The same.
Identidem	Repeatedly, Often.
Idoneus	Sitable, proper, convenient.
Illico	Then, immediately.
Immitatur	Let it be placed in.
Impetu effervescentiae (Impet. efferv.)	During effervescence.
Imprimis	First, chiefly.
In decocto hordei (In decoct. hord.)	In barley water.
In dies (In d.)	From day to day.
In folio argenti volvendas (In fol. arg. vol.)	Rolled in silver leaf.
In fusum (Inf.)	An infusion.
In loco frigido	In a cold place.
In partes aequales (In p. aeq.)	Into equal parts.
In pulmento (In pulm.)	In gruel.
Incide, Incisus	Cut (thou), Being cut.
Inde	Therefrom.
Infectio	Infection.
Inflammatio	Inflammation.
Infricandus	To be rubbed in.
Infricetur (Infric.)	Let it be rubbed in.
Infunde (Infund.)	Pour in.
Ingere, Ingerendus	Put in, Putting into.
Injectio (Inj.)	An injection.
Injectio hypodermica (Inj. hyp.)	An hypodermic injection.
Injiciatur enema (Inj. enem.)	Let an enema be administered.
Inspissare (Insp.)	To thicken.
Instar	As big as, the size of.
Inter	Between.
Intus	Inwardly.
Ita	In such manner.
Jentaculum	Breakfast.
Jusculum	Soup.
Lana	Flannel, wool.
Languor	Waintness.
Latere admoveatur	Let it be applied to the side.
Lateri dolenti (Lat. dol.)	To the affected side.
Latus	The side.
Lectus	A bed.
Leniter	Easily, gently.
Linimentum parti affectre infricandum (Lin. p. a. infr.)	The liniment to be rubbed on the affected part.
Luce prima (Luc. p.)	Early in the morning, dawn
Luteus	Yellow.
Mane et vespere (M. et. v.)	Morning and evening.
Mane primo (MP)	Early in the morning.
Manipulus	A handful.
Marasmus	Weakness.
Massa pilularum (MP)	A pill mass.
Medicinae Doctor (MD)	Doctor of Medicine.
Mica panis (Mic. pan.)	A crumb of bread.
Misce, fiat mistura (M. ft. mist.)	Mix, and let a mixture be made.
Mittantur in phialam (Mittr. in phial.)	Let them be put into a phial.
Mittatur, mittantur (Mittr.)	Let it (let them) be sent.
Mitte quantitatem duplicem (M. q. dx.)	Send double quantity.
Modo dictu	As directed.
Modo praescripto	In the manner prescribed.
Mollis, molle	Soft.
Mora	Delay.
Morbus	Disease.
Morbus Hungaricus	Epidemic Typhus.
More dicto utendus (MDU)	To be used as directed.
More dictor (M. Dict.)	As directed.
More solito	In the usual manner.
More solito (MS)	In the usual manner.
Mors	Death.
Musculus latissimus dorsi	The widest muscle of the back.
Natus Mortuus	Stillborn.
Necnon	Not yet.
Nihil per os (NPO)	Nothing by mouth.
Nocte maneque	At night and in the morning.
Noctis	Of the night.
Non repetat	Let it not be repeated.
Noxa	An injury.
Nucha	The nape of the neck.
Nunc	Now.
Obitus	Death, Died.
Omni biduo (Omn. bid.)	Every two days.
Omni bihorio	Every two hours.
Omni hora	Every hour.
Omni mane	Every morning.
Omni nocte	Every night.
Ope penicilli	With a Camel	hair pencil.
Optimus	Best.
Opus	Need, occasion.
Os	The mouth.
Pabulum	Food.
Partes aequales (P. AE.)	Equal parts.
Parti affectae (Part. affect.)	To the affected part.
Parti affectae applicandus (PAA)	To be applied to the affected part.
Partitis vicibus (Part. vic.)	In divided doses.
Paucus	Little, few.
Pectus	The breast.
Pediluvium	A foot	bath.
Per deliquium (PD)	By deliquescence.
Per os (PO)	Through the mouth; By mouth.
Per rectum (PR)	Through the rectum.
Peracta operatione emetic (or, emetica) (Peract. op. emet.)	When the operation of the emetic is finished.
Percola	Strain through, percolate (thou)
Permittentibus viribus	The strength permitting.
Perpurus	Very clean.
Pes	The foot.
Plasma, Plasmetur	Mould, Let it be moulded.
Poculum	A cup, A little cup.
Postridie	On the next day.
Pestis	Plague.
Phiala prius agitata (PPA)	The bottle having been previously shaken.
Placebo	I will please. (Medical expression for remedies with no medical effect, which improve one’s medical condition only because one believes they do)
Pondere	By weight.
Post cibum (PC)	After meals.
Post jentaculum (Post jentac.)	After breakfast.
Post prandium (Post prand.)	After dinner.
Post quamque evacuationem (Post qq. evac.)	After each motion.
Post singulas sedes liquidas (Post sing, sed. liq.)	After each liquid motion.
Primum est noocere	First of all, do no harm. (Hippocrates; The maxim has become an ethical guiding principle in medical profession)
Pro dosi (PD)	For a dose.
Pro potu sumendus (Pro pot. s.)	To be taken as a drink.
Pro ratione aetatis (Pro. rat. wt.)	According to age.
Pro re nata (PRN)	As needed: As the occasion arises.
Proxima luce (Prox. luc.)	On the next day.
Proximo	Nearest.
Pulvinar humuli (Pulv, hum.)	A hop pillow.
Pulvis	Powder.
Quantitas duplex (Q. dx.)	A double quantity.
Quantum libet (QL)	As much as pleases. (As much as you wish)
Quantum sufficit (QS)	As much as suffices.
Quantum vis (QV)	As much as you wish.
Quibus	From which, by which.
Quam	As much as.
Quaque die (QD)	Every day.
Quaque hora (QH)	Every hour.
Quaque mane (QM)	Every morning.
Quaque nocte (QN)	Every night.
Quater die (QD)	Four times a day.
Quater in die (QID)	Take four times a day.
Quoque alternis die (QAD)	Every other day.
Quorum	Of which.
Recipe	Take (thou).
Recens	Fresh.
Renova	Renew (thou).
Redactus in pulverem (R. in pulv.)	Reduced to powder.
Redigatur in pulverem (Redig. in pulv.)	Let it be reduced to powder.
Remedium	Cure, remedy, nostrum, medicine.
Repetat (Rep., Repet.)	Let him repeat.
Rigor mortis	The stiffening of a dead body.
Res	A substance, a thing.
Rudicula (Rudic.)	A spatula.
Rumen	The throat.
Saepe	Frequently.
Sal	Salt.
Saltem	At least.
Saltim	By leaps.
Scilicet	Namely.
Semel	Once.
Semidrachma (Semidr.)	Half a drachm.
Sequenti luce (Seq. luc.)	The following day.
Sermihora (Semih.)	Half an hour.
Sesquihora (Sesquih.)	An hour and a half.
Sesuncia (Sesunc.)	Apt ounce and a half.
Si vires permittant (Si vir. perm.)	If the strength permit.
Siccus	Dry.
Simul	Together.
Sile hujus	Keep silence concerning this.
Sine	Without.
Signa, signetur, signentur (Sig.)	Let it be signed, sign.
Signetur (Sig.) or (S/)	Let it be labeled.
Singulis aurosis (Sing. auror.)	Every morning.
Singulis horae quadrantibus (Sing. hor. quad.)	Every quarter of an hour.
Solve, dissolve (Solv.)	Soluble tablets.
Spasmus	Cramps.
Spiritus vini rectificatus (SVR)	Rectified spirit.
Spiritus vini tenuior (SVT)	Proof spirit.
Statim (stat)	Immediately.
Statu effervescentiae (Stat. eff.)	Whilst effervescing.
Stratum super stratum (SSS)	Layer upon layer.
Sub finem coctionis (Sub fin. coct.)	When sufficiently boiled down.
Subinde	Frequently.
Spissus	Dense, hard.
Stillatim	By drops.
Somnus	Sleep.
Sumat talem (Sum. tal.)	Let the patient take one (or more) such.
Sumendus	To be taken.
Talis	Of such, like this.
Tantum	So much, so many.
Tegmen	A cover.
Tum	Then.
Tussis	A cough.
Tempori dextro (Temp. dext.)	To the right temple.
Ter in die (TID)	Thrice a day.
Tere simul (Ter. sim.)	Rub together.
Tinctura (Tr.)	A tincture.
Tussi urgente (Tuss. urg.)	If the cough is troublesome
Tussis	Cough.
Typhus	Typhoid fever.
Tuto	Safely.
Ubi pus, ibi evacua	Where there is pus, (there) evacuate it.
Ulna	The arm, elbow.
Una	together.
Unctus	Anointed, besmeared.
Ustus	Burnt.
Ut dictum	As directed.
Ut	So that, in order that.
Variola	Smallpox.
Vas	A vessel, utensil, bottle.
Vas vitreum	A glass vessel.
Vel	Or.
Venaesectio brachii	Bleeding in the arm.
Vesper	The evening.
Vires	strength.
Vinum	Wine.
Vicis, Vices	Change, changes.
Vermis	Worms.
Vomitione urgente	Vomiting being severe.

 

VIDEO LINKS ON THE TOPIC:

 

1.     Pronunciation of Latin Vowels – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LwtgvwJljto&feature=endscreen&NR=1

2.     Pronunciation of Latin Consonants – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWMU76hzUHw; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oWWOJW3948&list=PL31BB9444AD808715

3.     Cases of Nouns – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fhP_fk2wNQ&list=PL31BB9444AD808715

4.     The Basic Nouns – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtoG22_IVWE

5.     Why to learn Latin? – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xm5BJZc8GI8

6.     First Declension of Nouns – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kUxUV7R3vc&list=PL31BB9444AD808715

7.     Why to learn Latin? – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtLIC-EOO0g  

8.     Medical Terms – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gamvVNAoGiU

9.     Anatomical Terms – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZe6s1XG-KU

 

REFERENCES:

Main:

1. Demchenko O., Zakaliuzhnyi. The Latin Language and the Fundamentals of Medical Terminology. – Ternopil: Ukrmedknyha, 2004.

Supplementary:

1.     Smolska L.Yu., Kiselyova O.G. The Latіn Language and Medical Terminology Basics: Підручник. — 2-nd edition. — К.: Медицина, 2012. —     400 с.

2.     Laskowska D. Medical Latin Course. – 2007. Source: http://www.umed.pl/pl/doc/cnjo/Medical%20Latin%20Course%20-%20second%20version.pdf

3.     Marcekova Elena, Frantisek Simon, Ladislav Cerveny. Latin as the language of medical terminology: some remarks on its role and prospects. Source: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/10913254_Latin_as_the_language_of_medical_terminology_some_remarks_on_its_role_and_prospects

4.     Latin for pharmacy students / Ye.I.Svetlichnaya, I.A.Tolok, Ye.A.Volobuyeva. – Kharkiv: NUPh «Golden pages», 2011. – 248p.

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