HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL STATE MADICAL UNIVERSITY

HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL STATE MADICAL UNIVERSITY

 

 

                                                              “CONFIRM”

                                                                                  Prorector of educational work

 

                                                                             ___________ prof. I.R.Mysula

 

                                                                      “___20__”__June___2008

 

 

WORK PROGRAM

of normal physiology

SBIO 242: PHYSIOLOGY

Normal physiology department

Institute of nursing

Speciality „ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING”

 

Course	Hours at all	Include			Kind of control
		Lectures	Practical	Individual original students work
І	269	80	112	77	Small exam
Matriculum of practical work		–	–	50

 

 

Program has been created by professor S.N. Vadzyuk and associated professor O.V. Denefil

 

Program has been discussed and adopted at the sub-faculty meeting May 18, 2008, minute No 9

Chief of normal physiology department  prof. S.N.Vadzyuk

 

Program was approved at the meeting cyclic methodical commission of medical and biological problems’ Institute June 18, 2008, minute No 6

Heard of the cyclic methodical commission                           as. prof. N.I.Tkachuk

 

 

Теrnopil 2008

 

1. Structure of subject

 

Introduction

 

Normal physiology is a science about mechanisms of functional regulation in healthy body. Notion about organism. Body systems. Body functions. Age and sexual peculiarities of physiologic processes. Methods of physiology.

Input of prominent scientists into development of physiology as a science.

 

I. General notions of physiology.

Characteristic of physiological functions and their normal parameters. Interrelation of structure and function. Aging process. Cell structure. Nerve and humoral regulation of body function.

 

Physiology of excitable tissues

 

Excitility, excitation and inhibition as the basic reaction to irritation. Cellular membrane and it’s function. Rest potential and action potential. Properties of nerve fibers. Mechanism of impulse transmission. Synapses structure and classification. Muscle physiology. Muscle contraction. Electromyography.

 

Physiology of nerve and endocrine system

Physiology of central nervous system. Adaptive importance of central nervous system. Neuron as a functional unit. Functions of nerve cells. Satellite cells. Reflex as a principle of nervous system activity. Blood-brain barrier.

Pole of nervous system in regulation of motor activity. Nerve regulation of autonomic functions. Sensory receptors and neurotransmitters action. Role thalamus and hypothalamus ierve and endocrine regulation. Afferent, efferent and associative regions of cerebral cortex. Electric activity of the brain. Electroencephalogram. Electrocorticogram.

Endocrine regulation of body functions. Back-connection as a mechanism of endocrine regulation. Nerve and endocrine regulation of body function.

Structure and function of endocrine system. Endocrine glands and secretory cells. APUD-system. Mechanism of hormonal action. Hormonal regulation of metabolism. Hormonal control of water-salt balance. Hormonal regulation of reproductive function.

 

Physiology of functional systems of the body

Blood physiology

Blood. Notion about blood system. Functions of the blood. Blood composition.

Blood plasma. Osmotic and oncotic pressure. Defensive function of the blood. Leukocytes and leukocyte formula. Blood constants. Erythrocytes. Hemoglobin structure and function. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Hemolysis and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes. Vessel-platelet hemostasis. Blood clotting. Clotting factors. Anticlotting mechanisms.

Antigenic properties of blood. Blood tipes. Principles of blood transfusion. Blood and limph.

 

Cardio-vascular physiology

Heart structure and functions. Contractile and atypical miocardiocytes. Conductive system of the heart and its function. Heart automaticity and physiologic properties of miocardium. Heart cycle. Electrocardiography. Echocardiography. Age peculiarities of heart activity.

Systemic circulation. Functional classification of blood vessels. Main principles of hemodynamic. Arterial pressure and its measuring. Microcirculation and blood-tissue exchange. Tonus of vessels. Venous blood flour and blood return to the heart. Regulation of circulation. Circulatory system iewborns.

 

Respiratory physiology

Importance of breathing function for the organism. Respiratory cicle. Conductive pathways of respiratory tract. Biomechanism of breathing. Gas transport in the body. Tissue breathing. Surfactant. Regulation of breathing. Central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Breathing in physical exercises and changed atmospheric pressure. Defensive respiratory reflexes.

 

Physiology of digestion

Digestion and its types. Digestive system. Secretion, motility and absorption in digestive tract. Taste analyzer system.

Role of liver in digestion. Clinical methods of investigation of digestive tract and digestive function.

 

Metabolism

Energy exchange in the body. Plastic and metabolic importance of nutritive substances. Respiratory coefficient. Evaluation of energy expenditure of the body. Physiologic principles of rational nutrition. Pole of vitamins.

 

Temperature regulation

Constant body temperature as important condition of normal metabolism. Daly fluctuation of body temperature. Metabolism as a source of energy and heat. Physical and chemical thermoregulation. Heat loss and heat production. Temperature gradients in the body. Temperature receptors and center of thermoregulation.

 

Physiology of excretion

Excretory organs. Kidney. Nephrone as functional unite of kidney. Circulation in kidney. Main processes of uropoesis. Nerve and endocrine regulation of uropoesis. Role of kidney in keeping water and salt balance in the body.

 

Reproduction

Anatomic and physiologic basis of reproduction. Sexual maturation. Regulation of sexual functions.

Analyzer systems

Role of analyzer systems in discovering the world. Functional structure of analyzer system. Notion about receptors. Conductive division of analyzer system. Cortical presentation of sensory functions.

Visual analyzer system. Auditory analyzer. Vestibular analyzer. Somatic sensory analyzer. Physiologic basis of anesthesia. Smell analyzer. Visceral analyzer. Methods of investigation of analyzers functions.

 

Integrative activity of central nervous system. Physiologic basis of bechaviour

Inborned forms of vechaviour. Higher nervous activity. Emotions and motivations. Daily sleep and its mechanisms. Mechanisms of memory. Speech function. Conscious control of activity.

Adaptation. Mental work. Physiscal work.

 

2. Goals of studying

To make a conclusion about status of physiological functions of human body, organs and systems

To analyze age reculiarities of body functions and regulatory mechanisms

To analyze regulated functional body parameters and to make conclusions about nerve and humoral regulatory mechanisms for correction of physiological functions of human body, organs and systems

To analyze health status in variable conditions using physisological creteria

To interprete mechanisms of excitable tissues functioning in the human body

To analyze role of sensory processes in providing life activity in the body

To explane physiological basis of physical assessments and inspection of body functions

To explane mechanisms of integrative activity of the human organism

 

 

3. Contents of the Work Program

 

Thematic plan of lectures

 

№№	Topic of lecture	Name of lecture prepearing
1.	Chemical bases of life.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
2.	Cell. Cell metabolism.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
3.	Bases of genetic.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
4.	Physiology as a science. Bioelectrical phenomenon iervous cells.	Dr. Olha Denefil
5.	Electrophysiology of muscles.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
6.	Physiology of spinal cord.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
7.	Physiology of brain stem.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
8.	Physiology of big hemispheres.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
9.	Physiology of autonomic nervous system.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
10.	Physiology of endocrine system.	Dr. Olha Denefil
11.	Function of male and female reproductive system.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
12.	Physiology of blood system. Red blood cells. Respiratory pigments.	Dr. Olha Denefil
13.	Physiology of leukocytes. Immunity.	Dr. Olha Denefil
14.	Rheological properties of blood.	Dr. Olha Denefil
15.	Blood types.	Dr. Olha Denefil
16.	Physiology of hemostasis system.	Dr. Olha Denefil
17	Physiological properties of heart. Heart as a pump	Dr. Olha Denefil
18	Electrocardiography investigation of heart (ECG). Analysis of ECG	Dr. Olha Denefil
19	Humoral and intra cardiac mechanism of heart’ regulation.	Dr. Olha Denefil
20	Neural mechanism of heart’	Dr. Olha Denefil
21	Physiological bases of hemo dynamic	Dr. Olha Denefil
22	Physiology of microcirculation	Dr. Olha Denefil
23	Physiology of venous and lymph system	Dr. Olha Denefil
24	Regulation of blood flow	Dr. Olha Denefil
25	Physiology of respiratory system. External breathing.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
26	Transport of gases. Regulation of respiration.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
27	Digestion in oral cavity and stomach	Dr. Olha Denefil
28	Digestion in intestines	Dr. Olha Denefil
29	Physiology of absorption	Dr. Olha Denefil
30	Motor function of digestion	Dr. Olha Denefil
31	Physiology of metabolism and energy	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
32	Mechanism of urine forming. Role of kidneys in supporting of homeostasis.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
33	Physiology of water-electrolytes balance	Dr. Olha Denefil
34	Physiology of thermoregulation	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
35	Nociceptive-antinociceptive system. Somatic and sensor analyzer.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
36	Physiology of eye. Physiology of vision.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
37	Physiology of hearing. Vestibular analyzer.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
38	Conditioned and unconditioned regulation of human activity	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
39	Physiological bases of behavior: attention, memory,emotions, thinking, consciousness.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
40	Physiological bases of mental and physical work.	Dr. Nataliya Volkova

 

 

Thematic plan of units

№	Тopic of unit	Hours	Name of unit prepearing
1.	Chemical bases of life.  Cell. Cell metabolism. Bases of genetic.	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
2.	Physiology as a science. Bioelectrical phenomenon iervous cells. Physiology of synapses. Physiology of neural connection	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
3.	Regulation of muscles activity. Electrophysiological properties of muscles cells.	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
4.	Physiology of spinal cord, brain and cerebellum. Functioning of cortex.	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
5.	Physiology of autonomic nervous system	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
6.	Physiology of endocrine system (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, epiphysis, thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands).	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
7.	Physiology of endocrine system (adrenal gland, pancreas, sex organs, APUD-system, kidney, heart).	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
8.	Physiology of blood system. Red blood cells. Respiratory pigments. Rheological properties of blood.	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
9.	Physiology of leukocytes. Immunity. Blood types.	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
10.	Physiology of hemostasis system (primary, secondary, fibrinolysis).	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
11.	Physiological properties of heart. Electrocardiography investigation of heart.	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
12.	Heart as a pump. Echocardiography valuation of heart activity.	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
13.	Humoral and intra cardiac mechanism of heart’ regulation. Neural mechanism of heart’ regulation.	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
14.	Physiology of blood vessels. Blood flow in the arterial system.	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
15.	Physiology of microcirculation. Physiology of venous and lymph system.	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
16.	Physiology of respiratory system. Ventilation of lungs. Transport of gases. Regulation of respiration. Respiration in the different condition.	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
17	Digestion in oral cavity and stomach and intestines. Physiology of absorption. Motor function of digestion.	5	Dr. Olha Denefil
18	Physiology of metabolism. Intensity of metabolic rate in the human body. Physiological bases of rational nutrition.	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
19	Physiology of water-salt balance. Physiology of kidney. Urine forming. Role of excretory system in supporting of homeostasis.	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
20	Physiology of analyzers (visual, nociceptive, temperature and taste).	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
21	Physiology of analyzers (hearing, vestibular, smell and tactile)	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
22	Functioning of cortex of big hemispheres. Physiological bases of behavior. Adaptation and work activity of human.	5	Dr. Nataliya Volkova
23	Physiology of  emotions. FINAL TASTE (based on ALL THE MATERIAL)	2	Dr. Olha Denefil

 

 

Thematical plan of individual original students work

 

 

Thematic and calendar plan of lectures

 

Thematic and calendar plan of units

 

 

4. Examples of test questions for exam:

1. What kind of physiological method doing only on peoples?

A. Examination.

B. Acute experiment

C. Chronic experiment

D. Observation.

E. Modelling.

 

2. What kind of physiological method doing only on animals with anesthesia?

A. Observation.

B. Chronic experiment.

C. Acute experiment.

D. Examination.

E. Modelling.

 

3. A 26-year-old man is diagnosed with a sinus bradycardia. The frequency of cardiac contractions is about 52 heartbeats per minute. Which one of the following properties is damaged?

A – Conductivity;

B – Excitability;

 C – Refractivity;

D – Automatism;

E – Refractivity.

 

4. During the lesson, students removed the heart of a frog and placed it in isotonic solution, where it continued to contract. What property causes the isolated heart to contract?

A – Conductivity;

B – Excitability; 

C – Refractivity;

D – Automatism;

E – Refractivity.

 

5. Ultrasound examining of heart in 40-aged men was performed. Atria were contracted before ventricles every cardiac cycle. The heartbeat rate was 68/minute. The difference in duration of cardiac cycle from one heartbeat to another  was less 0.1 s. Where is located pacemacker in this heart?

A. SA-node

B. Internodal pathway

C. AV-node

D. AV-bandle

E. Right and left branches of Purkinje fibers

 

6. What color is chlorolab sensitive to?

A. Blue

B. Green

C. Red

D. Yellow

E. White

 

7. What is the visual acuity?

A. The maximal ability of an eye to perceive separate objects

B. The maximal ability of an eye to perceive space

C. The maximal ability of an eye to perceive depth of space

D. The maximal ability of an eye to estimate distance

E. The maximal ability of an eye to perceive color

 

5. Creteria for written test control at practical units

 

Test control includes 3 factic questions and 6 tests for multiply choice. Calculation of summary mark:

1 tests for multiply choice = 1 ball

1 factic question = 2 balls

Summary mark for test control should be rounded to whole figure.

Total summary mark for the lesson should be estimated as everage from marks given to student through the lesson: 1) for practical work, 2) for oral discussion, 3) for written test control.

 

 

6. Equipment, which use in the educational process

 

Other equipment, which use in the educational process

 

Tables

 

1.Action potential – 1

2. Rxcitability – 1

3. Structure of chemical synapse – 1

4. Classiffication of synapses – 1

5. Inhibition in the neurons – 1

6. Electroencephalograms rhythm – 1

7. Mediator transmittion in the efferent part of autonomic nervous system – 1

8. Regulation of menstrual cycle – 1

9. Effects of insuline – 1

10. Conditions ways of heart – 1

11. Forming of normal electrocardiogramm – 1

12. Echocardiogram – 1

13. Influensis of Na, Ca, K, epinephrine on the heart of frog – 1

14. Leukocytes formula – 1

15. Spirogram – 1

16. Scheme of alveolo-capillar membrane – 1

17. Schene of breathing center – 1

18. Transport of gases – 1

19. Scheme of swallowing – 1

20. Motility of intestines – 1

21. Temperature map of human body – 1

22. Scheme of nephron – 1

23. Scheme of urine poiesis – 1

24. Eye refraction – 1

25. Меchanism of accomodation – 1

26. Eye-ball – 1

27. Scheme of retina – 1

28. Violation of color perception – 1

29.  Vizual tracts – 1

30. Peripheral vizion – 1

31. Hearing analyzer – 1

32. Vestibular analyzer – 1

33. Organon auditus et status – 1

34. Taste analyzer – 1

35. Smell analyzer – 1

Creteria for written test control at practical units

 

Test control includes 5 short factic questions, 1 practically oriented task and 10 tests for multiply choice. Calculation of summary mark:

1 tests for multiply choice = 0,5

1 factic question = 1,0

1 practically oriented task = 2,0

Summary mark for test control should be rounded to whole figure.

Total summary mark for the lesson should be estimated as everage from marks given to student through the lesson: 1) for practical work, 2) for oral discussion, 3) for written test control.

 

A.        Assignments:

1.      5 Unit Tests……………………………………………………………50%

2.      Student presentation ………………………………………………….10 %

3.      Final Examination……………………………………………………………………..40%

 

NOTE:                        Also considered essential are classroom participation, readings, audiovisuals, website reviews, and additional occasional activities as assigned which may be distributed in class at a later time and are not included in the syllabus.

 

B.        Grading Scale:

 

% of points	Letter Grade (US)	1-12 Points Grade (UA)	0-4 Points (UA)
92-100	A	10.5 – 12	5 (Excellent)
89-91	B+	9.5 – 10.4	5- (Excellent)
85-88	B	7.5 – 9.4	4 (Good)
82-84	C+	6.5 – 7.4	4 – (Good)
78-81	C	5.5 – 6.4	3 (Satisfactory)
77-75	D+	3.5 – 5.4	3 – (Satisfactory)
70-74	D	2.5 – 3.4	2 (Failed)
69 and below	F	1.1 – 2.4	2 – (Failed)

 

 

 

7. References:

 

А – main

1. Review of Medical Physiology // W.F.Ganong. – Twentieth edition, 2001.

2. Textbook of Medical Physiology // A.C.Guyton, J.E.Hall. – Tenth edition, 2002.

В -addition

1.  Stepan N. Vadzyuk, Olga V. Denefil. Physiology of excitable tissues.  /Metodical instruction and notes for practical studies of Normal Physiology. – Тернопіль: “Укрмедкнига“, 2004. – 46 с.

2. Stepan N. Vadzyuk, Olga V. Denefil. “Physiology of blood” /Metodical instruction and notes for practical studies of Normal Physiology. – Тернопіль: “Укрмедкнига“, 2003. – 58 с.

3. Stepan N. Vadzyuk, Natalia M. Volkova, Olga V. Denefil. Physiology of blood circulation /Metodical instruction and notes for practical studies of Normal Physiology. – Тернопіль: “Укрмедкнига“, 2003. – 56 с.

4. Stepan N., Zyatkovska N.Y., Pankiv I.B. Physiology of breathing system /Methodical instructions and notes for practical studies of Normal Physiology. – Тернопіль: “Укрмедкнига“, 2005. – 56 с.

5. Stepan N. Vadzyuk, Olga V. Denefil. Physiology of digestion /Metodical instruction and notes for practical studies of Normal Physiology. – Тернопіль: “Укрмедкнига“, 2003. – 40 с.

6. Stepan N., Denefil О.V. Metabolism, temperature homeostasis and excretion /Methodical instructions and notes for practical studies of Normal Physiology. –Тернопіль: “Укрмедкнига“, 2005. – 49 с.

7. Stepan N., Volkova N. Physiology of analyzer system /Methodical instructions and notes for practical studies of Normal Physiology.- Тернопіль: “Укрмедкнига“, 2005. – 53 с.

8. Stepan N., Volkova N. Integrative functions of the brain /Methodical instructions and notes for practical studies of Normal Physiology.- Тернопіль: “Укрмедкнига”, 2005. – 53 с.

9. Lecture notes.