FORENSIC THANATOLOGY
Doctors of different specialities use to rescue the peoples from death, to establish its coming, to determine a death cause, ordinary to make necropsy of dead man, and sometimes to determine time passing after coming deaths, to collide with settlement of other questions, associated with death. To can do it,it is necessary to know the bases thanatology (from greek. thanatos death + logos teaching) science, which learns a dying process, death causes till full corpse destruction, his skeletetation.
We contradistinguish general and special thanatology. General thanatology learns general dying process conformities to natural laws, change, that take place in corpse, and their dependence upon the factors of external environment. Special thanatology considers properties thanatogenes attached to different illnesses (cardiac-vascular, infectious, oncologic and etc.), damages (mechanical, shouted, thermal etc.), poisoning by different poisons and other causes of death. Pick out still judicial thanatology is a part of thanatology, which belongs to the competence of judicial medicine. All types of cargo forcible and accidental, and also specific questions arising from murders investigation process, suicides and accidents are.determined.
Studing about death tightly interlaces with study of terminal states, border state between life and death. Into notion “terminal states” enter the hard shock (Ш–ІУ stages)forms, collaption, state, terminal pause, agony, clinical and imaginary death. By Typical peculiarity leaguing majority from them processes into terminal states, е crescent hypoxia in the tissues with the development of the acidosis by reason of accumulation of the nonoxigenated interchange products , specifically – organic acids. A Degree and duration of the acidosis specify and a reanimation prognosis.
Hard shock stages, collaption can get across immediately into preagonal state, which characterizes by braking development in higher CNS departments, to bring on consciousness loss. A preagonal state sometimes continues hours, getting across into terminal pause. It is characterizes by the lack of reflexes, momentary breathing suppression and cardiac-vascular activity. In such state man can have appearance of troupe.
From fast death differs death coming slowly, when man dies as if gradually, and composes an impression of some wrestling in the time of life. Such death is called agonic.
Agony (from greek. agonia is wrestling) can continue sometimes a few hours and even more than 24 hours. Attached to long dying in man are included all compensatory mechanisms, among them is a blood redistribution. By reason of spasm of peripheral vessels and the internal organs vessels main blood mass directs to heart and brain, that contributes to their more long exsisting. Such state of some compensation can continue during a few hours and death comes attached to the full of and unreverse exhaustion of all vital functions.
Attached to it takes place gradual relaxation of cardiac activity, develop the hypoxia phenomena of organs and tissues. Discoordinating of the blood circulating leads to the lungs oedema, brain and his capsules oedema. Gradually slows breathing, takes place obscuration of consciousness, weaken muscles, sphincters. Blood motion in the vessels stops, a skin turns pale. A face becomes earthy, nose sharped, eyeballs fall back, a cornea tarnishes its, hangs down a lower jaw ( “facies hippocratica”).
A second dying type characterizes by fast death coming, ordinary attached to lack of the agonal period. At the point of acute death an organism does not dip out all of its power and functional possibilities . In parallels instance dystrophic changes of the organs, associated with long agony,are absent, but they can be present in the cerebral cells. Quick death is caused by the heart stop ( ventricle fibrillation). Sharp death is observed attached to many external influences on organism of different factors: attached to sharp anoxaemia (mechanical asphyxia, elctro damages), mechanical damages of different origin, sharp poisoning, etc.
One of morphological signs of acute death is liquid blood state in corpse.Just after the death,in all of cases blood in corpses is always liquid, exsept that places, where attached to life thrombosis was. At the point of fast death, irrespective of its causes, a blood of a dead man loses its ability to coagulate over 3-5 hours post mortem. However in such cases blood, that outpoured from man body by reason of wound, coagulates the same as and blood of living man.To bring into test-tube blood over 0,5-1 hours post mortem, the blood will coagulate, but after a while it becomes liquid again. Over 3-5 hours post mortem in people dying quickly, a blood loses ability to coagulate and thats why by the dissection of such corpses in vessels and heart cavities liquid blood is found, which does not coagulate even attached to addition of thrombine.
A liquid blood state in corpse at the point of sharp death is accounted for by supersaturating by carbonic acid and activation of plasmin.
A Liquid blood state contributes to fast formation of intensive corpse spots, in the internal organs checks off sharply expressed venous stagnation. Venous trunks, sinuses, right heart are overfulled by blood (so called asphyctic heart type ).Oedema is weakly expressed, in mucous and serose membranes small ekhimoses appears, sometimes is observed a lodge oedema of the gall-bladder, quickly develops autolis of pancreas. In internal organs microscopic sharp hypervolemia, stasis is watched, in brain capillaries stasis with perivascular effusions of blood, pericellular oedema, oedema of intermediate tissue of internal organs. In lungs sometimes there are limited effusions of blood, sharp emphysema. In rens urine is present in glomerules, in liver – expansion and filling by liquid of pericapilar spaces.
Study of pathological death physiology and different mechanisms of thanatogenesis gave a possibility to pick out two death coming periods: death somatic (clinical) and death molecular (biological).
Clinical death is such state, attached to which after breathing and heart stop is possible to renew the vital organism functions. This state as usual continues no more than 5-6 minutes . It can be more long attached to hypothermia, which is possible only in clinic conditions. On this dying stage an organism as whole does not live, however vital functions of separate tissues and organs is kept, the inconvertible changes not yet came. Reanimatology (sciences about reanimation of organism), and also transplantology (sciences about organs or tisssue transplantation )developed.
From forensic-medical point of view is important to have in mind, that under reanimation time in organism can happen the damages, which are difficultly, and sometimes and impossibly to distinguish from inlife damages.
The possibility of transplantation from troupe causes a lot of questions : determination of moment, when one can be taken transplant from a dead man (determination of the death moment), rights on corpse (permission whether prohibition, stated in precept, relative consent etc.), who from doctors sanction withdraval of organ for transplantation, etc. A lack of legislation from transplantation can bring about dramatic situations.
Biological death is such state, when the inconvertible changes in brain cortex and other organs develop and renewing of vital functions becomes impossible. For death coming moment sets a heart stop. While action of heart is kept, man lives. That’s why the heart stop is a cause of death of every man .
Death is suppression of all of vital functions.
A Individual is declared dead, when his brain does not function, and the cerebral cells do not radiate the waves, which are fixed by electroencefalograph. Blood can circulate, heart can beat, lungs can breathe, but an organism died, because consciousness is absent and after 24 silence hours in electroencephalograph scarcely will revive.
Brain Death, lack of consciousness determine individual death.
By First death sign defers a breathing stop, but it not reliable.
By Other (second) death sign defers disappearance of pulse and action stop of heart. However and this refutes by Facts of conscious control over palpitation.
Go on with you by sufficient death sign a body temperature. Are Famous the cases, when the sloping peoples long abode in cold workplaces, had a body temperature by 24°С and under this do not perish.
So-and-so, man death ascertaining ordinary lustily responsible business. Ascertaining of death is by major moment in activity of judicially-medical expert, and still major – in activity of treating doctor. Already a long while ago went the death signs determination methods searches.
The death Signs subdivide on relative (probably, orienting or primeval) and on absolute (reliable). The death signs are divided into relative (probably, orienting or primeval) and absolute (reliable, probable).
They are the relative signs of death:
Byeloglasovs sign, famous under name “catlike eye”. Attached to heart stop pressure in arterial system falls, by reason of what and in eyeballs a resiliency loss is marked. Attached to lateral pressing by 1-ІІ fingers on the eyeball, pupil takes oval shape reminding the pupil of catlike eye.
This sign is not an absolute death sign, because can be seen attached to phenomena of sharp cardiac weakness, specifically – at the point of imaginary death, attached to cerebral comma, serious poisoning etc.
All counted signs can be observed and in living man attached to some circumstances, for example, attached to different types of the mechanical asphyksia, attached to some poisoning, cerebral shock, heat-stroke, by electric current damaging, attached to cooling of the body, epileptic attack, in state of deep unconsiousness, after strong heartfelt shocks, etc, in this case they are presented as the relative death signs.
In forensic medicine is famous such notion, as imaginary death, or fainting. It is such a man state, when for all of external signs a body looks like corpse, but actually it still lives and life glimmers in minimum dimensions (a from here latiame vita minima is a minimum life), heart beats weakly, breathing is imperceptible. Such phenomenon can bring about false ascertaining of the death.
For prevention of the mistakes, persons corpses, who died in hospitals,are send into morgue not before, than over 2 hours after coming of death, when the first cadaverous changes appear.
Absolute (reliable ) death signs are cadaverous blots and cadaverous rigor mortis, drop in body temperature to +20°С and beneath, drying out of corneas (larshe blots ) and other changes, that take place in dead body. On fact deaths indicate also the damages repugnant with life, which visibly attached to external examination (disseverance of head, dale on parts, spacious wounds worm into cavities with damage of internal organs, general body carbonizing, distinct rotting signs and т.і.).
Into our time death of human organism from medical point of view understand in two aspects. From one side considers organism death as whole, ascertaining of final heart stop, which gives a right to doctor to say, that man died and, so, to do a suitable record in case-record and to hand a medical certificate about death. On other hand organism death considers as gradual and not simultaneous, suppression of vital functions of separate organs and cloths, in act of dying is observed cloths experience dynamics and organs.
Changes in A body
Early:
postmortem lividity (PML)
changes in the muscles (Cadaveric Rigidity)
cooling of the body
desiccation of the skin
Late:
preserving of the body-
–saponification оr
(Adipocere formation),
-mummification
Which destroy the body –
-putrefaction
Cadaverous changes, which are by absolute death signs, – this is the processes, that develop in dead body, intensity of which depends upon amount of internal and external factors, including time.
In forensic medicine the cadaverous phenomena are divided into two groups: early ( develop during first hours post mortem) and late (or transformative), which develop usually after2-3 dayes and take place in corpse of during more-less long date, up to full his skeletation.The early changes are: troupe cooling, drying out, cadaverous blots, cadaverous rigor mortis, autolisis. The Late cadaverous phenomena are divided into destroying a corpse (rotting, troupe damaging by animals whether plants) and preserving a corpse (mummification, tanning, preservation of troupe in some environments: ice, salt solutions, petroleum ,etc.).
Early changes in the body
Cooling of the body, (algor mortis). Death means full suppression of all vital functions of the organism, by reason of what after coming of death body temperature though slowly, but steadfastly begins fall down. Cooling of the body depends on temperature and humidity of nearby environment, from clothes presence, from surface properties, where is disposed a corpse, from death cause, age etc. As a rule, chilling of troupe fully expires during first day from the death moment.
Drop in temperature begins from open parts of body and continues until 0,5-2°С beneath from temperature of nearby environment
It is considered that in so called room temperature (18-20С) a troupe temperature falls on one degree for 1 t. hour .
In troupe chilling dynamics attached to relatively to permanent temperature of ambient air had a place clearly expressed conformity to natural laws: into hours first 4 post mortem troupe temperature. diminishes on 1,5-2,5 С for 1 hour, into following 6 hours – on 1-1,5°С for 1 hour, and then on tenth degree destinies for 1 hour with long gradual retardation.
For more exact drop conformities to natural laws determination in troupe temperature and taking account of possible various factors influencing on chilling speed,it is necessary to take troupe temperature on the strength of some time (over 0,5 whether 1 hour) from the beginning and at the back of troupe examination in event place.
In usual conditions, if man body has a temperature 20°С and below, it is a reliable death sign.
Cadaverous drying out (desiccatio). It starts from the places without epidermis, on mucous lips membranes and eyes. Lips are getting darker, shrivel and become more dense, hard. If eyes were open, then surface allotments of eyeball between open eyelids gradually become yellow-grey and something shrivel. If opening the eyelids, then these allotments lustily well exude like triangles, a base of which is given back to iris, and tops are to eye corners (so called Larshe blots ). These blots serve as absolute sign of actual death. They form not before 5-6 hours post mortem.
In process of time drying out takes place on that places, where skin is more thin – on fingers tips, on scrotum, on places, that exposed to pressure (without damage of skin).
If epidermis is damaged, then skin drying out places takes place double-quickly. Damaged place is getting harder and becomes dark, surface frequently uneven, ordinary few falls back in weighing with ambient skin. These allotments are difficult to cut, they are dry and more thin. Those are so called parchment blots,which can develop during life period.
Cadaverous blots Post mortem Lividity (livores mortis) postmortal blood flowing down under own weight into beneath disposed body allotments, agglomerating of it, repletion of the small vessels. Usually those are darkly blue-crimson skin allotments, that do not expose to pressure attached to troupe recumbency. The Cadaverous blots are one of the first absolute death signs, because they appear over 1,5-2 hours after stop of cardiac activity.
Now widely is spread a following dale of cadaverous blots on.3 stages,hypostasis (to 8-12 hours),stasis or diffusion (to 24-36 hours), imbibition (after 36 hours from the death moment).
Majority scientists think, that the cadaverous blots appear on a par over 2-4 hours post mortem, ordinary – over 1-1,5 hours, rarely – over 6-8 hours.
Cadaverous blots are indicated by pressing on them by big finger on the middle line in lumbar allotment. In the hypostasis stage corpse blot attached to pressure disappears by reason of pressing out almost all liquid blood from the vessels. After suppression of pressure a blood quickly returns, and colour of cadaverous blot is brushed up. Attached to overturning of troupe they can quite vanish from primeval place, and then appear iew beneath disposed tracks.
In the stasis stage (diffusions) coagulated blood, (percolation of plasma into nearby tissues), loses former ability to shift in vessels and blot attached to pressing already does not disappear, only is getting pale and slowly proceeds in its colour.
In the stage of imbibition a cadaverous blot attached to pressing does not change its colour, the tissues are colored into violet ecquily,because of hemolysis and next imbibition of surrounding tissues with hemohlobin.
A colouring change of cadaverous blots depends not only on stage of their development, but from place and pressing force.
Muhanov A.I. offered such research methods of the cadaverous blots: pressing , taking into account pressure force, till disappearance of blot or, if it does not disappear, to lead force to
Haemoglobin changes, appearance of carboxyhemohlobin, methemohlobin cause a chocolate blood colour and lends to cadaverous blots of browny (grey) colour, etc.
Severe blood loss by reason of external whether internal bleeding can bring about that the cadaverous blots will be expressed weak or almost absent.
A Blood flows down under own weight to the bottom not only in body coverings, but in internal organs too. Specially in lungs, in bowels loops, in back stomach wall, in rens etc.
In the development of the stasis in internal organs part of plasma, which proceeds from the vessels, cumulates in pleural, abdominal and pericardial cavities. This transudation is yellow at first, and then because of haemoglobin admixtures becomes reddish. On the end of 3-4.dayes post mortem in cavities one can be found to 50-100 ml of such liquid. These changes are postmortal and are not connected with any inlife damages.
For appearance the cadaverous blots can look like bruises, that’s why it is important to distinguish them. The bruises can dispose at any body place. For exact determination it is necessary to cruciformly cut a skin in allotment of supposed bruise:accumulation of crimson liquid or coagulated blood in skin whether hypodermic cellulose indicates on bruise.
Forensic-medical meaning of cadaverous blots is significant:
1. this absolute, most early, death sign;
2. for degree of their development man can referently judge about remoteness of the coming of death;
3. they indicate on the body position post mortem;
4. on them one can be deduced about troupe position changes, about transferring of it from one place to another (to it assists a blots drawing );
5. definite its color sometimes gives an information about cause of death;
6. they indicate on amount whether blood state in corpse;
7. they can simulate the bruises.
Rigor mortis. After coming of death all troupe muscels relax, become soft and pliable. However after while they become harder, and fix a corpse in spesial pose, which can be difficultly changed. This one of early absolute death signs, which can be expressed over 1,5-2 hours after coming of death.
A presence whether absence of rigor mortiscan be determined attached to external troupe examination by the palpation of muscles , realization of passive motions in large jonts and fingers.
The causes of rigor mortis are still not cleared up. There are a lot of hypotheses and theories , such as: coagulation theory , dehidratation theory, neurogenic theories,contemporary biochemical theory. It is bottomed on that in physiological abbreviation process and weakening of muscles immediate participation takes АТA). Breaking up of it is attended with apportionment of much energy, which a muscle expends on execution of mechanical work. Just post mortem some АТA amount appears free, that’s why are found in weakened state. Gradual АТФ disintegration (underestimation, and then – disappearance) in muscles leads to rigor mortis . Hereafter АТA does not revive.
In 1811 y. Nisten set, that rigor mortis appears at first in masticatory muscles, then it goes on across necks, then spreads to the bottom.
Rigor mortis is felt already over 1-3 hours (more frequent 2-4 hours) post mortem, spreads on all of muscles groups over 12-18 hours and arrives at its maximum over 24-36 hours. Duration – from 2 to 3 days. If is it broken over 8-10 hours post mortem, is possible its partial renewing.
From rigor mortis suffer not only skeletal musculs, but also smooth muscular system, cardiac muscle. A Heart – over 1-2 the hours, in it in tie with it takes place blood redistribution.
Formations “goose-skin” is due to cadaverous rigor mortis of the hair bag, specifically – m. erector pilae.
Walls of hollow organs, which contain a smooth muscular system, also strike to the rigor mortis. In stomach it characterizes by well expressed folds, that mostly – in bowels. (Not to confuse with hypertrophic gastritis!).
Cataleptic (from greek. katalepsis is grip) cadaverous rigor mortis comes immediately post mortem. It is observed at the point of death from damage of oblong brain, effusion of blood into oblong part of brain etc. In that case body fixs in that pose, in which it died.
Contradistinguish general cataleptic rigor mortis and local cataleptic rigor mortis.
There is also thermal rigor mortis, which develops attached to temperature of ambient environment above 50°С by reason of muscle protein coagulation. It arises attached to being borrowed of troupe into flame and does not depend on time.
Forensic-medical sense of the rigor mortis is hudge:
1. this is absolute early death sign;
2. it helps to define approximate death coming remoteness (for degree of his development );
3. rigor Fixs a troupe pose post mortem;
4. it gave a possibility sometimes to judge about transferring of troupe from one place into other (with pose change );
5. it can lend a hand in recognition of death cause and its genesis ;
6. rigor mortis of the smooth muscle fibres of internal organs can imitate the inlife sickly states .
Autholisis is troupe cloths selfdigestion under influence of own proteolitic ferments -catepsines (pepsin,tripsin ,etc) without microorganisms participation. This takes place to that after coming of death ferments action in corpse still continues during some time.
In stomach takes place selfdigestion of mucous envelope, softening of stomach wall up to its break. The Identical changes can be by mistake adopted for action of caustic poisons.
Quickly develops autholisis in bowels, pancreas -it strikes prettily fast full autholisis, sometimes with hemorrage and can be wrongly considered as sharp hemoragic necrosis.
In the adrenal glands double-quickly disintegrates a cerebral matter. About posthumous process properties testifies a lack of cultural reaction on cloths death.
In forensic medicine autholisis is iegative right, because it prevents the correct diagnostics of the inlife changes.
Late changes in A body
The Late cadaverous phenomena begin to develop though just post mortem, but become distinct more frequent on 2-3 day, full of development to reach considerably later (on the strength of a little weeks, months and even years). They bring on considerable troupe changes (his semblance, organs bilding and cloths).
The Late cadaverous phenomena are destroying (exterminatory) and preventive a corpse. To destroying bear away rotting, destruction of troupe by animals and plants; to preserving – mummification, fatty-wax, peat tanning, preservation of troupe in concentrated salt solutions, in ice and other environments (petroleum, tar and т.і.).
Putrefaction. By Putrifaction is called a complicated process dissotiation of organic troupe structures, first of all of all albuminous substanses, under vital functions influence of different microorganisms.
Fast reproduction attached to assisting conditions of microorganisms and apportionment by them of ferments brings about disintegration of complicated organic substanses. Attached to rotting of troupe in final sum are generated sulphuretted hydrogen, methane, ammonia, carbonic acid, etc, which foreordain, specifically, sharp unpleasant putrefactive smell of the troupe.
Rotting must be identified with fermentation, which means decomposition of the carbohydrates under influence of fermenting microorganisms , by reason of what are generated alcohols.
Rotting Conditions. Those are the temperature, humidity and sufficient flow of air.
Mise and specially rats can considerably eat soft parts of troupe, into first turn are open body allotments: faces and arms. Attached to stay of troupe in reservoir can have a damage place by river whether sea animals: by watery beetles, leeches, starfishes, some fishes.
Forensic-medical damages sense from animals consists in that they can be adopted for inlife damages, and main – destroy the damages peculiarities being attached to life.
On peoples corpses can settle the different plants.First of all we should indicate on mould covering . A Mould settles on dress, skin, and germinates into more deep layers of the epidermis.
Corpse, that is found in the open, fleetly in earth can germinate by plants (specifically – by grasses), their roots and trees roots.
Almost always late changes begin from rotting, which in some stage on the strength of conditions inauspicious for it can cease, and corpse begins preserve. That’s why distantly not always iatural conditions the corpses are preserving fully.
Mummification (mumificatio ). If corpse is found in moisture lack conditions and presence of dry air attached to good ventilation, then rotting ceases, it quickly loses moisture and dries out. A Process of general troupe drying out was accorded mummificatioame.
Mummification can be general, to spread on all corpse, and partial, when dry out only separate parts of body; natural and artificial. A Raised temperature considerably hastens mummification, because assists moisture to coming out and halts rotting. That’s why mummification often meets in localities with hot climate. However possible mummification and attached to more low temperature, if only found kind change of dry air.The lesser troupe mass, so much the better and quicker it dries out.
Attached to mummification a corpse gradually begins shrivel, indurates and becomes darker, a skin acquires properties of the pergament. Sharply falls weight of dead body, and it diminishes in volume. A weight Loss can be 75-90%. The Soft tissues become crumble, sometimes collapse by clothes-moth, ticks, can transform into powder. Time, necessary for mummification, usually calculates by months. Attached to favourable conditions a corpse of adult can mummify for 2-3 months, and child – still before .
A Person of mummified corpses ordinary is easily recognised , but a death date in these cases to define almost impossibly.
Fatty-wax saponificatio (adipocera) is an original troupe transformation, which was found in moisture overabundance conditions and lack of oxygen. Into saponificatio transform the corpses, that are found in humid soil or in small reservoirs with whether slowly flowing down dead-water (pond, well). Rotting in such conditions slowes down by the reason of lack of air and washing by water part of microorganisms. Hypodermic fatty cellulose, and in process of time and other cloths and troupe.organs, pass into whitish-yellow (in water) whether grey-yellow (in soil) coarse-grained mass, at first soft, then – fragile. This mass without efforts knifes (in that number and bone), smells like cheese whether butter, attached to heating kindles, on paper omits a fat blot, swims in water etc.
For development degree it is impossible pinpoint the death time, troupe stay duration in water whether humid soil. Foot to pronounce only on approximate and minimum dates.
A peat tanning is an original tissue change and troupe organs, that got into soil with big contents of gumus acids (into peat bog). A Corpse acquires a darkly-brown colouring and condenses, as if tans. From here and name of this will carry – tanning.
A Process of tanning is learned insufficiently.
Forensic diagnostics of time since death
Determination of death remoteness is an expert dates setting of its coming in hours for early postmortal period (to 2-3 dayes) or in dayes, weeks whether months attached to presence of late changes in corpse. Attached to investigation of crimes against man life lustily frequently already in event place under time of primeval external troupe examination arises a necessity in judicially-medical death coming remoteness determination. Establishment of this date gives big help to inquest organs, previous outcome and law-court and ordinary was in decisive right for exposure of concrete person, which made a crime.
Death coming Remoteness in contemporary conditions is determined for the following indexes and changes.
1. Supervital reactions. Now for this aim make use of mechanical and chemical stimulation of muscles, and also other reactions.
1.1. Mechanical stimulation. Blow by neurulogic hammer in point, disposed on radial bone on 4-
1.2. Electric stimulation. Stimulation of face muscles by the medium of portable source of permanent current gives a possibility to define death time during hours first 8-10.
1.3. Chemical stimulation. Begining to drip atropine solution 1% into troupe eyes calls accordingly expansion whether constriction that takes place during hours first 5-6 post mortem.
1.4. Reaction of sweat-glands.
1.5. Cloths Ability to perceive dye-stuffs.
1.6. Spermatozoa Viability.
2. Chilling of troupe. In practical work attached to exposure of troupe in usual room conditions and relative humidity 50-60 %, attached to simultaneous temperature measuring under oxter and in rectum,
3. 3.Dryness.
4.Troupe spots.
5.Rigor mortis.
6.Putrefaction.
7.Other factors.
7.7. Troupe exposure place Examination. To Give on leaves, newspapers, проїздних documents; hours, which a clock reflects, that came to a stop or goes; blood traces state, food freshness; being overgrown of troupe by павутиною; thickness to dust layer on corpse and ambient his objects; soil state and plants under corpse and by it (over 5-6 plant days under corpse бліаніють by reason of chlorophyll loss ).
So-and-so, nor one of signs trained till now, never one from offered research methods can not guarantee necessary exactness attached to determination of death coming remoteness. And that’s why a forensic-medical expert, giving answer on question this is, is must by all accessible метолами express a maximum amount of signs indicating for a while deaths, and to estimate them in complex.
Settlement Exactness of this question diminishes with augmentation of death date: if into доби first 1,5-2 it composes a little hours, attached to development of late cadaverous changes – several, days, then in disintegration process case of soft cloths and internal organs, and all the more so in stage скелетованого of troupe, death remoteness determination exactness composes the months and years.
