Medicine and pharmacy of ancient times, early and late dark ages. Origin of medicine and pharmacy.
In previous lection there was, made a review of beginning and development of medicine in primitive community. In the fourth millennium before our. Era essential changes took place in the level of development of production forces in the sphere of material culture of humanity, a new social system was constructed in some countries which was characterized by next features:
1. Formation of stockbreeding or shepherd tribes (first realization of labors division).
2. The appearance and formation of agriculture (second labors division).
3. The appearance of exchange between communities and tribes.
4. Wide utilization of metal for the manufacture of tools.
5. The invention of writing.
6. The appearance of religion.
7. Privet property on the means of production.
8. The class division of human society.
First slave-owning countries, which were busy in agriculture, began in hot countries in the valleys of big rivers. Chinese founded their own country on the
Slave-owning system in the sphere of development of the production forces was a step forward in comparison with primitive society. A widen division of labors was possible because of the slave labors. Different craft appeared. Professional craft men appeared also in medicine. Division of labors raised it is productivity which made kneaded conditions for the development of culture, science and medicine. National medicine still remains the main form of medicine but new essential peculiarities were distinguished in it:
1) National medicine forms becomes professional.
2)
3) First doctor’s school appears for the training of professionals.
4) Medicine has class character as well as society.
5) New views appear on the reasons of diseases.
In order to be a professional doctor and be responsible for the treatment before the law, it was necessary to have special training. These training doctors received in family. Father of the family, who was busy in medical craft, handed studies about the elements as the base of functioning of organism is supplemented by the studies about two polar forces, which determine health and disease.
One of them “yan” active, positive men’s powers. The other “in” – Women’s passive, negative power. “Yan“-simple air. “In”- blood, which is put in motion by the air. There must be balance between them, which determinate the health. Tendency to rule is peculiar to “yan“, but “in” doesn’t want to submit him. Struggle starts between them and as the results – illness. It was said that in order to treat the disease it is necessary to intensify blood circulation (to help the “vap“. This idea brought to three new methods of treating, over his knowledge his children. Family medical school appearedwhich medical knowledge were handed over from generation to generation.
First medical literature appears together with the appearance of writing. The main monuments of medical literature of that time were: 1) Egyptian medical papyri, clay tables about medicine of ancient
The question about the origin of the diseases in the slave-owning society is solved in a new way in comparison with the medicine of primitive the class division of human society epos.
Food is on the first place among the reasons of the diseases (overeating, malnutrition, the use of low-quality and contaminated food). That is why emetic and purgative remedies were popular.
Climate (change of the seasons, dry, wet, hot, cold winds) is on the second place.
On the third place – insufficient personals hygiene, insanitation upkeep of houses. There are also instructions about the insufficient in the list were said to be the result of god’s anger or revench of the demons.
Except general objective laws in each country were it is own peculiarities.
Medicine of ancient
At the end of the third millennium before our era slave-owning system in
Philosophy had a special place and its influence is admitted in medicine. Book “Ney-Zsin” (book about internal human) is the important leaflet of ancient Chinese medicine. It performs a question about humaature. It is said that man is miniature of nature and has analogical components. These are earth, water, fire (symbol of warmth), tree (ability to grow), and air. First four-element -earth, water, fire, tree – get into human organism together with food. After digestion in stomach, it goes into small intestines and transforms into chyle. After this chyle transforms into the blood in the heart. Blood, made by four elements is imperfect, dark and thick. Air penetrates into the blood from the lungs. Inhaled air passes in the blood, which also starts to move. Because of that blood becomes hot, easy, light and it spreads in the whole organism.
Massage was also used for strengthening the motion of” in1″, what means blood.
Acupuncture is the introduction of the needle into the sick organ or into the distant point on the body. At that time Chinese physicians knew more than 300 points on human body, Modem medicine determined that projections of these points were corresponded to’ nerve trunks and ganglions At first needles were produced of the silicon, bones, bamboo, later of bronze, silver, gold, platinum. Metallic needles were made with the aperture inside it; the air should go in or out there through them. The physicians had to know well the situation of the points. When the patient had a headache, they pricked the point on his Achilles tendon. To study they made different satins and mannequins where they noted every point.
Owing to acupuncture Chinese physicians discovered the pulmonary abscess, exudative pleurisy and the ascites.
Chinese physicians have brought to medicine the method of pulse investigation and created the doctrine about the pulse. They distinguished more than 200 kinds of pulse depending on the disease in 3rd century the science about the pulse was generalized in 10-volumed treatise “The Book about Pulse”.
Diagnostic signs were also the look of the tongue, the state of “windows” – natural apertures of the human body: nostrils, ears, eyes, mouth. For giving the diagnose they used also the look of the urine. It was tested on its taste. There is information that the urine was tested in different periods during the day.
In
The treatment “from the opposite” was considered the main method in treating patients: high temperature was treated by cold, for example.
The arsenal-of remedies in Chinese medicine were very rich. There were medicaments of vegetable, animal and mineral origin. Among the remedies of vegetable origin the main place was occupied by ginseng. It was used to treat the tuberculosis, the anemia and the fever; they used also shizandra, camphor, rhubarb, ginger, and buds of bamboo, tea, onion, and garlic.
Among the remedies of animal origin they were: the pants (horns of young deer), the moschus, the liver and bone marrow. The most precious were the inner organs and the blood of tiger-. Among the mineral substances such kinds of them were used: mercury for treating syphilis, sulfur for treating of scabies, gelatin to stop the inner hemorrhage.
Quite early specialists of making and selling drugs appeared in
The great attention was paid to prophylactic actions. In medical advises it was written that “medicine cannot save from death but it is able to make life longer with its advises“. Among them was the right distribution of work, rest and sleeping. One of the chief places was occupied by rational feeding, proceeding from the conception that “an illness goes in through the mouth”. Diet, massage, hydro procedures, solar irradiation, treating exercises were recommended too.
In Chinese books there is some information about illnesses transmission through the clothes. It was noted that there is a connection in spreading ofptague-with rats in seaports. In struggle against pox they used dried dung cramming it into nasal passages of healthy people.
In ancient
• He is considered a father of studying pulse
• He has improved the acupuncture
• He attached importance to prophylactic and opportune treatment
He is considered the author of the book “Nei-tszin“, till our time
some temples and monuments built in his honor is saved. Every
year in April the Chinese nation celebrates the day of memory of
Chinese Hippocratic.
The Indian Medicine.
Slave-owning system in Ancient India was during the end of 4th and the beginning of 3rd milleniumB. C
The sources to study the history of medicine are: the laws of Manu, Ajur-Vedas (The Books of Life) In life of Indian society religion and philosophical opinions played the main role. Proceeding from the doctrine about three organic juices (bile, sputum, air) and five universal elements (soil, water, fire, air and ether /the source of light/). Health was estimated as a result of their even mixing, right life-excreta of the body, normal condition of sensive organs and human mind. Indians were allowed to make dissections of dead bodies, but the methods were not perfect. The dead body had to be in water and after that they could observe the processes of natural disintegration. Anatomical terms testify the knowledge about human brain. Navel was considered the center of the body where all the vessels and nerves come out.
The diagnostic methods of Indian doctors were based on the following:
• Detailed questioning of the patient
• Observing the body
• Observing the skin and the tongue
• Investigating the color and the smell’ of excreta Doctor’s attention was paid to the counterbalancing of shifted correlation of liquids and universal elements. It was achieved by diet, drugs that promoted the excreting of shifted juices and by surgical methods. Indian medicine knew many remedies. Thus, in treaty of doctor of Sushrut there is a detailed classification of drugs that were used at that time. Among them are 760 drugs made of plants, which were met only in
difficult operation lake an amputation and herniotomy and other operation. Plastic operation merit special attention.
Doctors could restore damage of noses, of ears, of lips. Only in XIX century doctors of
Strong side of medicine in ancient
The rules of care of the body, of cleaning the teeth of the brush and of the powder. Elements of social hygiene was appeared too.
During excavation in Machendsho-Daro founded remainders city’s sewerage, water pipe, which was present in start of III millennium by out era. Position of physicians in sociality was very high. In Aiur-Vede are the rules of doctors conducting. High moral and physical qualities demanded from the doctor.
During unreal treatment doctor payer the mulct that was depend of ill’s status.
Low withes about high demands from the doctor. As far as The oldest historical members of human culture were founded in
we know Physicians received high medical training, because their mistakes were punished. The legislation foresee if if doctor had lost his arm. This is concerning rich people. As up slave, doctor should to pay the cost of slave. In
During excavation the palace of asiriski king’s Ashur-banipala 1000 loam’s tablets with writers about medicine were founded. They testify about advantage cultural moments over empirical observation. Demons were separated, which had diseases parts of the body (head, neck, chest, abdomen). For good treatment doctor first of all should to exile the demon from the body, which included the disease. Very often doctors used solution for vomiting.
Medicine tied with astrology. The status of stars and astrological calendar had very high means during treatment. They were tied with epidemic diseases (leprosy, syphilis). Doctors in
The culture of Ancient Egypt leaved deep track in history of world culture. The people of
They distinguished arterial, vena, and nerve. They thought, that they include blood, and arterial include ear (pneumatic). Diseases are result of bad blood and wet pneumatic. And people should to dismiss from blood and lymph. The therapy includes vomiting, laxative, uresis.
Extravasations used for squeeze out blood. The reason of disease is revenge enemies. Enemies lodged demons in body. Description of disease’s symptoms was very defile worked up. In “slipp of paper” diseases of skin. Gerodot (historic of Greek) confirm, that people of
48 cases of traumas are scrutinized in manuscript, which are subdivided under the forecast: doubtful, curable, and hopeless. There is the description of nearly 200 diseases and 1900 prescription in the manuscript of Ebert. This number of prescription testifies about a large amount of medicines, which were used in the Egyptian medicine. The totality of temples, secular and empirical elements are admitting in the manuscripts.
The activates of doctors in
1) It is the disease, I shall cure;
2) It is the disease, I’ll perhaps cure
3) It is the disease, I can’t cure.
The breach of these demands was punished hardly-till the punishment by death.
During the period of new realm each of doctors was referred to the appointed board of priests. The training of doctors was released in the special medicine schools attached to temples. The patients appealed to a temple, where the doctor was given to him, depending on a disease. Egyptian medicine has grown up from the practical experience of people. But before it became scientific, it was closely connected with magic. In order with the magic conception evil spirits, demons caused the diseases. In such case the treatment was connected with magic exorcisms, and the prevention of diseases-with carious of amulets. The inheritance Egyptian medicine marked on the following development of different comprehensive and explaining of the surrounding. The philosopher Demokrit– the foundation of the atomistic doctrine- also was occupied with medicine. He described the symptoms of inflammation, the investigation of pulse, hydro labia.
Under the influence of philosophic doctrine the traits of medicine determine in a new way.
1. The comprehensive of the influence of the materialistic courses of a disease, their connection with a surrounding.
2. The course of a disease isn’t a stable fact and has corresponding stages.
3. Attention to the methods of the presereving and strengthen of health by physical exercises, hardening, personal hygiene medicine practice and knowledge’s in the closely connected with
In the VI-IV centuries B.C the ancient
The first sources in which the medicine was mentioned were the works by Gomer. Specifically, an “Iliada” there are some persons, who are endowed with knowledge of medicine and the high grade of their practical activity is given.
“One skilful doctor as deserving of many warriors, he wall lake out on arrow and will heap a wound with healing roots.”
There is a myth about the doctoral family tree in the
The goddess Artemida beard a rebating to the treatment of women. The son of Apollo, Asclepiads, is the god of medicine art. He was a real doctor on North of Greece, which was adored. Two peoples of Asclepiads were two his sons.
The Machaon (surgeon) and Padaliriy (infernos). Two daughters of Asclepiads, which entered the history of medicine as instructors of separate brunches of medicine, supplemented this doctor’s family. The name of one of theme is Gigiyeya that means “health”. She was famous for her clever prophylactic advices and considered the goddess of heath was represented as young lass, who held a bower in her left hand and a snake on her right hand. The second daughter Panacea cosidered to be all heal. She could treat from all diseases. Then her name became satirical. The doctors and medicines, which treat all the disease, are called Panacea.
Agreat role in the development of science was played by philosophy. The philosophical currents of ancient
As in the Eastern countries, medicine was temple- from the one point of view and professional- from the other. The advantage was given to the professional medicine.
The temple medicine had hospitals –ascleiones. It was the complex of temples by honor of Asclepiad, Artemida, Gigiyena, and Apollo.
There were springs, cypress grove, and swimming- playground for a treatment by fasting, prayers, a sacrifice, a stupefying smoking. Then they examine patient in the temple. The priests gave an interpretation of dreams and decided the questions about a disease and a treatment on the base of it. The treatment, in general, had a mystical character. The patients brought the casts of the sore organs as a sacrifice or a gratitude for the treatment on a temple. They were made as clay, marble, valuable metals.
The professional medicine was characterized, first of all, by the appearance of hospitals, the first medical schools, by the germ of the organization of protection of health in the cobias. The rich doctors opened hospitals, which were called “iatreya” (the dispensary). The medical schools were opened attached to some separate hospitals, where besides of the own kids, all the eaberade ones were included. Their studies were paid. After the graduation a school-leaver took the oath about the honest service for people in front of the community of the town. The study way started by an aquaibance with the properties of medicine of plant origin, with a preparedness of medical drinks, ointment, plasters. Later- the study at the bed of patients. After the leaving a number of doctors did their work, mainly, traveling. They were called periodical.
The doctors, who have a special services to their country, where decorated with gold wreathes. The jubilee meetings were arranged; the medals and metallic money with their delineation were minted for their credit. The gymnasia played a special role in the medical practice. They were the establishments, where teenagers were studied to do physical exercises. Their teachers were occupied by the treatment of the dislocations, the fractures, and some diseases. They treated by the exercises of body, by a diet, by a long term running and the walks.
There were more then 300 medical schools in the
The famous doctor Hypocrites received his medical education in this school, his works made the most valuable part of the collection, which has reached to nowadays. He visited
The main characteristic of Hypocrite’s doctrine.
1. The doctor must posses of medical knowledge and all methods of examine a patient.
2. The man’s body we must considerate in close connection with the nature.
3. The illness is a result of changing’s in material of a man (organs, systems).
4. The diagnostics, treatment, and the prognosis must be individualize on the passft of regular observation for the illness.
5. Such principles must be kept in the treatment: a) To stimulate the nature possibilities of a man, using the huge power of a nature in maximum.
b) To connect a treatment with a hygienic regimen.
c) To treat opposite.
Hypocrite’s thought that human body has four gastric juice: blood, black and yellow bile. The advantages of this or that juice create the man’s temperament:
a) Sanguine person (blood)
b) Phlegmatic person (mucous)
c) Melancholic person (black bile)
d) Choleric person (yellow bile)
Hypocrite’s had an attitude to all branches of a medicine. His collection of articles includes the main question about the internal disease, mental illness. Surgery, hygienic, woman and child’s disease. The most interesting has his approach to the understanding of the etiology of the disease. He thought that the main reason of the disease was on obrust change of the climate or it’s disparity of the climate the “nature” of a man. Except that the reason was the danger of the soil and water, the danger of the way of life especially a day’s regeinen and eating. All these points didn’t waste in a modern medicine.
In his treatises (Hypocrite’s), played attention to the doctor’s behavior, doctor’s ethics and their duties.
All these demands are in Hypocrite’s earth.
The medicine of the ancient
thousands of people. The bathhouses had the places for sport, rest, and eater.
The doctors in
Avi Kornelium Cells (end I century B.C.)
In his tractate “About medicine” in 8 bocks, he generalized experience antic medicine and brought iative experience:
• The whole part devoted surgical treatment
• The prophylactic advices to behavior of the healthy people
• He first writhed about stopping the blood, by the methods of, and bandaging of the blood vessels.
• Using wounds by the scorching iron (this method used in medicine 1500 years)
• He concentration surgery by the many methods surgical treatment.
Asclepiad (128-56 years B.C.)
He thinker that human body consist of the atoms. That the atoms making in our lungs from the air, and in our ventricle from the food. Then they going to the blood and conveys along the organism. Cause of the disease-violation the correct placing, their motion and driving in, by the canals. He gave such recommendations for treatment:
• Eleven eating
• Sojourn on the air
• Physical exercises
• Climatically treatment
He inculcated in medicine principals: Treat safe, fast and pleasantly”.
Claudius Galen
Universal scientist, author more then 180 works. His works was about anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, therapy, and hygiene. He wrote the books about anatomy, about muscles, interned organs, neuron system. Describe all parts of the spinal cord and brain. He firs in the history of medicine were engaged by the experiment. He proved that arteries contain the blood, not the air, and nerves are conductors from the brain to the muscles. Galen engaged threatening practice and was professional doctor and surgeon. He gave much news in pharmacology. Some medicine that was received by the route of mechanical and physic-chemical processing of the natural products by his methods and, in our time calls “Galen’s preparation’s“.
Achievement antique medicine, by the Greeks,
