Home » METHODICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PRACTICAL LESSON # 1

METHODICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR PRACTICAL LESSON # 1

June 12, 2024

METHODICAL INSTRUCTION FOR STUDENTS OF THE

3 COURSE PHARMACEUTICAL FACULTY

LESSON # 1 (PRACTICAL – 6 HOURS)

Themes: 1. Introduction to hygiene. Methods of hygienic research. Organization of educational and scientific research.

2. Hygiene of air environment. Definition and hygienic evaluation of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, direction and speed of air movement. Hygienic requirements for health improvement pharmacies.

3. Hygienic assessment of illumination. Hygienic requirements for health improvement pharmacies.

Aim:

1. To get knowledge about hygiene as science, its aim, task, importance of hygienic knowledge for physicians of various profile.

2. To study classification of methods, use in hygiene for investigation of environment and its influence on people’s health.

3. To learn the method of determination and hygienic estimation of air temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, direction and speed of air movement in dwelling.

4. To evaluate the results of instrumental measurements and using them and to give hygienic evaluation of natural and artificial lighting in dwelling.

PROFESSIONAL ORIENTATION OF STUDENTS

Hygiene is science of preserving and promoting the health of both the individual and the community. It has many aspects: personal hygiene (proper living habits, cleanliness of body and clothing, healthful diet, a balanced regimen of rest and exercise); domestic hygiene (sanitary preparation of food, cleanliness, and ventilation of the home); public hygiene (supervision of water and food supply, containment of communicable disease, disposal of garbage and sewage, control of air and water pollution); industrial hygiene (measures that minimize occupational disease and accident); and mental hygiene (recognition of mental and emotional factors in healthful living). The World Health Organization promotes hygienic practices on an international level. Air temperature is an unstable factor, it continuously changes. The air temperature influences on man organism and his health on the skin, lungs and mucous envelopes. The person during all life is exposed to water vapour. Its quantity in air permanently changes: it decreases or increases.

The visible part of the solar spectrum has large biological significance. Day light has favorable influences on mental condition of the person, in particular on ill. One under the influence of light the metabolism in an organism strengthens, the synthesis of some vitamins is carried out. The mode of lighting influences a regulation of biological rhythms. The intensity of light upon a job place matters for preventive maintenance of violations of vision. The no rational light assists to the development of a near-sightedness, reduces mental hardworking.

METHODOLOGY OF PRACTICAL CLASS (9⁰⁰-12⁰⁰ hour).

Theme № 1. Introduction to hygiene. Methods of hygienic research. Organization of educational and scientific research.

During the lesson students make acquaintance with department, history, themes of research work, laboratories, with forms of protocols making, copy-out plan for the next term, information sources, which are recommended for study of general hygiene. In protocols students fix determination of hygiene as science, it’s contents, forms of physician of general profile activity, which demand knowledge of hygiene. Students learn classification of methods of hygienic investigations, which are used in hygiene. Students acquainted with volume and list of self-educational off-auditoria and research works. Main rules of behaviour and safety during classes also are studied.

Notion. Every student is to have copy-book (48 and more pages) for the protocols, and 1 copy-book (12 pages) for writing tests. The latter is given to tutor and is kept in chair.

ІI. Theme № 2. Hygiene of air environment. Definition and hygienic evaluation of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, direction and speed of air movement. Hygienic requirements for health improvement pharmacies.

Work № 1.

Thermometers (mercurial, alcohol, electric or psychrometer dry thermometers) are placed onto support racks at three points 0.1 meter high above the floor, at three points 1.5 meters high and at 20 cm from the wall along the diagonal section of the laboratory according to the diagram:

To measure the temperature of the thermometer hung on a tripod at the site definition. Not earlier than 10 min. after setting the device parameters of thermometer record. Using mercury thermometer readout indicators do on the imaginary line tangent to the convex part of the meniscus, alcohol – on the line tangent to the lowest placed the lowest point of the meniscus.

According to sanitary standards the vertical temperature variation must be no more than 2.5^оС, horizontal – no more than 4,0^оС for light work, to 5,0^оС – at works of moderate severity, with more than 5,0^оС hard work.. The daily temperature variations are determined using the thermogram, prepared in laboratory using the thermograph.

To study the structure and principle of work of thermograph.

Work № 3.

The methods of hygienic estimation of relative humidity.

Determination of the air humidity using psychrometers

The absolute and relative air humidity is determined using the August stationary psychrometer.

The reservoir of the psychrometer is filled with water. One of the device’s thermometers is wrapped with the fabric. The fabric is put down into the water so that the reservoir is located about 3 cm above the water surface. After this the psychrometer is hanged onto the support at the determination point. The wet and dry thermometer data are taken 8-10 minutes later.

The absolute humidity is calculated using the Renio formula:

А = B – a · (t – t₁) · B,

where, B – the air absolute humidity at the current temperature in Hg mm;

f – maximum pressure of water vapour at the wet thermometer’s temperature (see the table of saturated water vapours, table 3);

а – psychrometric coefficient is 0.0011 for enclosed spaces;

t – temperature of the dry thermometer;

t₁ – temperature of the wet thermometer;

В – barometric pressure during the humidity determination, Hg mm.

The relative humidity is calculated using by table. 1

Determination of the air humidity using the Assmann aspiration psychrometer

The significant disadvantage of August psychrometer is its dependence on the air velocity. The air velocity influences the evaporation intensity and the device’s wet thermometer cooling.

This disadvantage has been eliminated in Assmann psychrometer due to the usage of the ventilator. The ventilator produces the constant air movement at the 4 m/sec speed near thermometers’ reservoirs. As a result data does not depend on the air velocity either inside or outside of the premises. Furthermore, thermometers;’ reservoirs of this psychrometer are protected with reflecting cylinders around psychrometer’s reservoirs from the radiant heat.

The cambric of Assmann aspiration psychrometer wet thermometer is dampened using the pipette, the spring of the aspiration devise is set or the psychrometer with electrical ventilator is plugged in. After these procedures the psychrometer is hung up onto the support at the determination point. The data of wet and dry thermometers are taken 8-10 minutes later.

The absolute air humidity is calculated using the Sprung formula:

А = B – 0,5 (t – t₁) · H/755,

where: А – absolute air humidity in Hg mm;

B – maximum pressure of water vapour at the wet thermometer temperature (see the table of saturated water vapours);

0.5 – constant psychometric coefficient;

t – temperature of the dry thermometer;

t₁ – temperature of the wet thermometer;

H – barometric pressure at the determination moment in Hg mm.

Relative humidity is determined using by table 1

Relative humidity is determined using the psychrometric tables for aspiration psychrometers. Hair or membrane hygrometers are used for the determination of the relative humidity of the air. These devices measure the relative humidity directly. The hygrometer operation is based on the facts, that the degreased hair lengthens, and the membrane/diaphragm weakens when it’s damp, and vice-versa when they are dry.

To study the structure and principle of work of hygrograph.

Work № 4.

To study the structure and principle of work of anemometer and kathatermometer.

Work № 5.

Determine of the speed air motion by katathermometer.

Katathermometer is used to measure the cooling power of air at a given time and place. Katathermometer loses a heat not only under air temperature action and radiation temperature, but also due to air motion action, in proportion to its speeds.

This devices uses for determination of cooling ability of air, and after that we may calculate velocity of air movement.

Priciple of work 1. The bulb is immersed in hot water about 70-80 °С temperature until to spirit rises into the small bullbat the top of the instrument. After that Kata Thermometer takes place in given place. The time required for alcohol to fall from 38° to 35°, or from 40° to 33° (or 39-34 °C) is noted in seconds by a stopwatch. Each Kata Thermometer has a factor and is marked with letter F on the stem. A cooling power of air “Н” (in mill calories per sq. cm. per second ) we calculate by the formula:

H = F х ( Т₁ – Т₂) / a, where

H – cooling power of air;

F – the factor of the katathermometer

a – the period of time when alcohol falls down in a katathermometer from 38 °C to 35°C (or from 40° to 33° , or from 39 to 34 °C). .

Q = (T₁– T₂) where T₁– middle temperature of human body; T₂ – temperature of air

Velocity of air movement we find in special table: V = H / Q, (meter per second, m/sec)

Determination of velocity of air movement (m/s)

Work № 6.

To draw devices “rose of the winds” in a protocol notebook by situation task.

Methods of determination of “rose of the winds “.

The direction of a wind is determined by that part of horizons from where it blows. A direction and force of wind is taken into account for need of construction and planning of cities. As the direction of a wind is constantly changed, therefore it is necessary to know, what winds dominate in this district. For this purpose all directions of winds on stretch of season or year are taken into account. On this data they create the schedule named “rose of winds”. Thus, “rose of winds” represents a graphical image of recurrence of winds.

IІI.Theme № 3 Hygienic assessment of illumination. Hygienic requirements for health improvement pharmacies.

Work 1.

Research and hygienically estimation of natural illumination.

Work 1.

To define the coefficient of depth (CD) of room in study room.

To define the coefficient of depth room to calculate by formula:

CD = W/H,

Where: W is distance from a window to the opposite wall, in meter,

H is distance from a floor to the overhead edge of window, in meter,

Hygienically norm of the coefficient of depth room is less that 2.

Work 2.

To define a light coefficient in study room and of situation task.

The area of windows should correspond to area of room. Therefore a widespread method of evaluate of a daylight is geometrical, at which one calculate light coefficient (LC), i.e. attitude of a glass area of windows to area of a floor of room. The more size of light factor, the better is lighting. For living rooms LC = 1:6 – 1:8, for hospital wards, the doctors cabinets, educational classes 1:5 – 1:6, for operational, birth wards, observation, dressing rooms, labs 1:3 – 1:4, for extra locations 1:10 – 1:12, assistant room, aseptic room in pharmacist 1:4.

Work 3.

Measure daylight on a workplace by luxmeter and calculate coefficient of daylight.

The basic lighting engineering parameter for a normalization of daylight is coefficient of daylight (CDL). This attitude of lighting indoors to simultaneous lighting outdoor, expressed in %.

Objectiv method of research of natural illumination in room:

а) To define illumination by luxmeter in the apartment (in the distance 1 meter at an internal wall), Ei;

b) To define external illumination by luxmeter, Ee;

c) To calculate the coefficient of natural illumination is

CDL = (E _i / E _e) x 100 %

For living rooms CDL must be not less than 0,5 %, for hospital wards – not less than 1 %, for school classes – not less than 1,5 %, for operational – not less than 2,5 %.

The estimation of illumination is made on an illumination level of a horizontal surface on a job place with the help of a luxmeter. An accepting part of the instrument is the photocell conversing a quantity of light in electrical. A recording part is the sensing galvanometer calibrated in luxs. The obtained result is compared to the established norms.

Research and hygienically estimation of artificial illumination

Work 1.

To determinate of illumination by the method “WATT”.

For definition of illumination by”WATT”method or by proper power we need:

-to measure the area of the apartment (A)

-to indicate the total power of lamps in Wt (Σ Wt)

-to calculate the proper power in apartment Σ Wt / A (m²) = Wt / m²

The quantity of proper power depends on the height of hanging of lamps, square of the apartment and level of illumination, which is necessary to create in this apartment (table 35-36, page 110. The recommendation for practical classes on hygiene Y.P.Pivovarov).

On the table 1 and 2 we indicate that this quantity reply to the smallest normative illumination for this groups of apartment (the cabinets of dentist, therapevtists, gynaecologists and other specialities, for inspection rooms, ets).

Work 2

Determine uniformity of artificial illumination in the apartment by measuring of illumination in three points bias and in a place which has maximal illumination. Then calculate, in how many times illumination in a dark place less, than illumination of bright place. In a norm this index E_max/ E_mіn is evened 1,5-2 for different types of lamps.

Work 3

To define evenness of lamplight in the apartment on the work place.

In evening time the artificial illumination is measured by luxmeter too. In daytime – by means of curtains-darkening of the room or by the approximate calculation:

E_ARTIFICIAL= E_SUMMARY – E_NATURAL

that is so, first of all we indicate the level of summary illumination with the inclusion of lamps, then indicate the level of natural with the interrupted lamps and at last for their difference we receive the result of approximate level of artificial illumination.

Artificial illumination of pharmacies

Apartment

Illumination of workings surfaces, lux

Source of light

Plane which luminosity is rationed for

Description of apartments

An area is for visitors in a trading floor

150

Luministsent lamp

Horizontal surfaces 0,8

Normal

Compounding department, departments of the prepared medications, hand sale, optics

300

Luministsent lamp

Horizontal surfaces 0,8

“

Assistant, aseptic, room of chemist-analyst

500

Luministsent lamp

Horizontal surfaces 0,8

“

Sterilization room, washing room

150

Luministsent lamp

Bulp lamp

Floor

Moist

An apartment is for storage of, bandaging medications and clean tableware

150

Luministsent lamp

Bulp lamp

vertical surface 1,0

On shelvings

Class of II–IIa

Room of acids, disinfection facilities, combustible and flammable materials

Luministsent lamp

Bulp lamp

Floor

Chemical activity

Class of II-IIa

Treasure container

Bulp lamp

Floor

Class of II-IIa

Note: If area of apartments of less than 50 m², size artificial luminosity it is possible to expect after a formula: O = P x E (lx)

where: E is a coefficient which shows, what amount of the first classes is given by specific power in 1 Vt/m².

INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS PROGRAM

I.Theme № 1. Introduction to hygiene. Methods of hygienic research. Organization of educational and scientific research.

Control questions:

1. Hygiene as science, its aim and task.

2. Methods of hygienic explorations, their classification.

3. Classification of methods, use in hygiene for investigation of environment and its influence on people’s health.

4. Structure of SES.

ІI. Theme № 2 Hygiene of air environment. Definition and hygienic evaluation of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, direction and speed of air movement. Hygienic requirements for health improvement pharmacies.

Control questions:

1. Temperature scales (Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit) and types of thermometers.

2. Methods of determination and hygienic estimation of air temperature

3. Methods of determination and hygienic estimation of atmospheric pressure.

4. The consists parts and principles of the work of thermograph and barograph.

5. Hygienic significance of air humidity and types of humidity.

6. Methods of determination and hygienic estimation of humidity.

7. Instruments to Measure Humidity. The consists parts and principles of the work of hygrograph.

8. The role of sun radiation and earth surface type in appearing of winds. Using of “ rose of wind” in preventive sanitary control.

9. Classification and characteristics of instruments for measuring of direction and speed of air movement.

10. Methods of determination and hygienic estimation of the velocity of air movement by Kathathermometer.

IІI.Theme № 3 Hygienic assessment of illumination. Hygienic requirements for health improvement pharmacies.

Control questions:

1. Physiology role of natural illumination of apartments.

2. Sanitary-hygienic value of natural illumination of apartments.

3. Method of determination of indexes for estimation of natural illumination (light coefficient, coefficient of day lighting, angle of incidence, corner of opening, coefficient of depth). Method of their determination and hygienically norms.

4. Principle of work of luxmeter.

5. Hygienically value of artificial illumination.

6. Classification of sources of artificial illumination.

7. Description of varieties of lighting armature of lamps of incandescence.

8. Lacks of luminescent lamps (by comparison to the lamps of incandescence).

9. Advantages of luminescent lamps above the lamps of incandescence.

10. Methods of determination of lamplight of apartments (on specific power, evenness of illumination, by an objective method.

SEMINAR DISCUSSION OF THEORETICAL ISSUES (12³⁰ – 14⁰⁰ hour).

1.Hygiene as science, its aim and task.

2.Methods of hygienic explorations, their classification.

3.Classification of methods, use in hygiene for investigation of environment and its influence on people’s health.

4. Structure of SES.

5.Temperature scales (Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit) and types of thermometers

6.The consists parts and principles of the work of thermograph, barograph and hygrograph.

7.Hygienic significance of air humidity and types of humidity.

8.Methods of determination and hygienic estimation of humidity.

Physiology role of natural illumination of apartments.

2. Sanitary-hygienic value of natural illumination of apartments.

4. Principle of work of luxmeter.

5. Hygienically value of artificial illumination.

6. Classification of sources of artificial illumination.

7. Description of varieties of lighting armature of lamps of incandescence.

8. Lacks of luminescent lamps (by comparison to the lamps of incandescence).

9. Advantages of luminescent lamps above the lamps of incandescence.

10. Methods of determination of lamplight of apartments (on specific power, evenness of illumination, by an objective method.

TEST EVALUATION AND SITUATIONAL TASKS

TEST QUESTIONS:

1. Which one of the following is a specific method of hygiene researches?

A. Physical methods;

B. Method sanitarian description;

C. Chemical methods;

D. Biological methods;

E. Experimental method;

2. The most fatal complication which can occur to divers (under high atmospheric pressure)

A. Pulmonary oedema;

B. Air embolism;

C. Rupture of spleen;

D. Myocardial infarction;

E. None of above.

3. One of the earliest temperature scales was that devised by

A. Celsius;

B. Fahrenheit;

C. Kelvin;

D. Reaumur;

E. None of the above.

4. Graphical diagram, which characterizes number of a wind in the given district, measured by long-term observations name

A. Wind direction;

B. Rose of winds;

C. Air velocity;

D. Speed of the wind;

E. Cooling power of air.

5. In which unit measuring speed of air?

A. Meters;

B. Hours;

C. Centimeters;

D. Meter per second;

E. m³/hour.

6. What is the norm of L.C. (light coefficient) in study room?

A .1: 5

B.1: 8

C.1:10

D.1:2

E.1:12

7. Coefficient of daylight is:

A. a ratio of a glass area of windows to area of a floor *

B. a attitude of distance from the upper edge of the window to a floor to distance from the window to the opposite wall

C. a ratio of lighting indoors to simultaneous lighting outdoor

D. angle between a horizontal surface of a table, and line conducted from this surface to the upper edge of the window

E. an angle between a horizontal surface of a table, and line conducted from this surface to the upper edge of the object with darken the window

8. What instrument is using for measuring of daily lighting?

A. Katathermometer.

B. Psychrometr.

C. Anemometer

D. Barometer

E. Luxmeter *

Situational task №1

Indoors air humidity was measured with a help of August psychrometer. A temperature of the dry thermometer is 19 ^{0 C}, and humid is 13 ⁰С, barometric pressure is 752 millimetres of mercury column. To calculate a absolute, maximum and relative humidity, and dew point. To estimate air humidity.

Situational task №2

The distance from the window to the opposite wall (B) is 5,6 m. The distance from a floor to the upper edge of the window (Н) is 3,0 m. To calculate coefficient of depth of a living room:

Situational task №3.

The lighting area of two windows in a bedroom is 2,4 m ², area of a floor is 25 m ². To calculate the light coefficient.

CORRECT ANSWERS OF TEST EVALUATIONS AND SITUATIONAL TASKS:

1. B

2.B

3.B

4.B

5.D

6.A

7.A

8.E

Answer: Task 1

Calculate a quantity of absolute humidity (K) measured with a help of August psychrometer is carry out according to Rene formula:

K = f – a (t – t ₁) x B, where:

t – index of dry thermometer, 19 ⁰C

t₁– index of humid thermometer, 13 ⁰ C

B – barometric pressure, 752 mm Mercury column

f – maximum stram of water vapours when the temperature of humid thermometer, is equal to 11,23 mm HG (according to the table of maximum strain of water steams ( vapours)

a – coefficient, which is equal to indoors 0,0011

Having substitute the quantities in formula:

K = 11,23 – 0,0011 х (19 – 13) х 752 = 6,27 mm. Mercury column

Maximum humidity (F) we find on table. It is equal to16,48 mm Mercury column

Relative humidity ( R ) calculate according to the formula :

R = K / F х 100 %

R = 6,27 / 16,48 x 100 = 38 %

A dew Point is determine after the table of maximum strain of water steams:

dew Point = 4,4 ⁰С.

Relative humidity can be defined with the table method after indexes of dry and humid thermometers. In our example relative humidity according to the table = 40 %.

So, a quantity of relative humidity, which we have got, corresponds to the hygienic standards indoors (30 – 60 % when the temperature is 18-21 С).

Answer Task 2

Coefficient of depth is В/Н. CD= 5,6/3,0 = 1,87, that corresponds to norm. The size of hygienic norm coefficient of depth is no more 2.

Answer Task 3

Light coefficient calculate by formula:

LC=A/B,

where: A is glass area of windows, B is area of a floor of room.

LC = 2,4/25 =1/10,42 = 1:10,

Conclusion: Light coefficient in bedroom is hygienic norm for living accommodations.

Individual student work (14¹⁵-15⁰⁰ hour) are checked by solving situational tasks for each topic, answers in test evaluations and constructive questions (the instructor has tests & situational tasks).

INITIAL LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS

The student must know:

:1. Determination of hygiene as science, it’s aim and task.

2. Classification of methods of hygienic investigations

3. Rules of behaviour and safety in laboratories and during practical lessons.

4. The construction of device, which are used for measuring of temperature and atmospheric pressure.

5. The units of temperature and atmospheric pressure measuring.

6. Methods of temperature measure

7. The influence of high and low humidity of air on organism.

8. Principle of the devices work for air humidity measuring.

9. Hygienic sense of atmospheric air motion and air motion of closed workplaces.

10. Methods of determination of speed air motion in room.

11. Hygienic sense of workplace’s microclimate.

12. Value of natural illumination of apartments.

13. Method of determination and hygienically norms LC, CNI, CD, that are used for estimation of natural luminosity.

14. Methods of determination of artificial illumination of apartments.

15. Principle of work of luxmeter

The student should how:

1. Formulate conclusions at the end of the lesson, make hygienic estimation of them.

2. To recount the atmospheric pressure’s meaning from one unit to another.

3. To work with thermograph and barograph.

4. To Measure air humidity indoors.

5. To calculate air humidity using formulas and tables.

6. To determine direction and wind speed.

7. To define LC, CNI, CD in the apartments of a different type and to give hygienical estimation to the got results

8. To define the indexes of lamplight by luxmeter.

9. To estimate artificial illumination by a computation method.

10. To estimate a brightness and uniformity of lamplight.

REFERENCES:

Principal:

1. Practical classes materials

http://intranet.tdmu.edu.ua/data/kafedra/internal/index.php?path=hihiena/metod_rozrobky/

2. Hygiene and human ecology. Manual for the students of higher medical institutions/ Under the general editorship of V.G. Bardov. – K., 2009. – pp. 34-70.

http://www.nmu.edu.ua/kaf55-8.php