MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE

 

 

I.Ya.HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL

STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

 

 

SYLLABUS

on PATHOMORPHOLOGY

Department of Pathology  with sectional course

and forensic medicine

Specialty 7.12010001 “Medicine“                                   

 

 

 

THE EXPLANATORY NOTE

Typical educational program from discipline “pathomorphology” for the students of higher medical educational establishments of Ukraine of III-IV levels of accreditation created for specialities 7.110101, direction of preparation a 1101 “General Medicine”.

 

 

The program is made in accordance with the following normative documents:

– by educationally-qualifying descriptions (EQD) and educationally-professional programs (EPP) of training of specialists, approved by the order MH in Ukraine from 16.04.03 №239 “About approval of components of field standards of higher education from direction of training 1101 “Medicine”;

– by the experimental educational curriculum developed on principles of the European credit-transfer system (ECTS) and the ratified by the order of MH of Ukraine from 31.01.2005 №52 “About approval and introduction of new curriculum of training of specialists of educationally-qualifying level “Specialist” of qualification “Physician” in higher educational establishments ІІІ-ІУ levels of accreditation in Ukraine on speciality “General medicine”;

– by recommendations concerning of development of educational programs of educational disciplines, approved by the order MH in Ukraine №152 from 24.03 2004 “About approval of recommendations concerning of educational programs development of educational disciplines” with the amendments and supplements, inserted by order of MH in Ukraine from 12.10.2004 after №492 “About introduce of amendments and supplements into recommendations concerning development of educational programs of educational disciplines”;

– by the order of MH in Ukraine from 31.01.03 after №148 “About measures on realization of positions of Balogna declaration in the system of higher medical and pharmaceutical education”;

– by instruction about the system of evaluation of educational activity of students in case condition of the credit-module system of organization of educational process (Medical education in a world and in Ukraine. Approved by MH in Ukraine as training applications for teachers, masters, graduate students, students. Київ. Книга плюс. 2005).

The program is structured on the modules, semantic modules, themes.

 

Pathomorphology as an educational discipline:

а) bases on the study by the students of medical biology, medical and biological physics, medical chemistry, biological and bioorganic chemistry, normal anatomy, histology, cytology and embryology, genetics, immunology, and is integrated with these disciplines; the study of discipline is based also on modern information of morphological research (electronic microscopy, immunohistochemistry, autoradiography, histochemistry and cytochemistry);

b) makes the basis of the foundation of cellular pathology and general pathological processes, which determine of the morphological manifestations of different diseases in the aggregate;

c) makes the basis of the foundation of knowledge of morphology of diseases on the different stages of their development (morphogenesis), structural bases of convalescence, complications and consequences;

d) studies the variants of pathomorphosis of diseases, resulting in connection with changes of life’s conditions and as a consequence of the varied medical measures (pathology of therapy);

e) makes the basis of the foundation for knowledge about organization of pathomorphological service and realization of its function.

Comparison of morphological and clinical manifestations of disease on all stages of their development allows to the students to get skills of clinical-anatomical analysis, synthetic generalization of diagnostic signs of diseases and their faithful interpretation in causal-sequent relationships.

 

The organization of educational process is carried out on the basis of credit-modular system according to the demands of Bologna process.

The program of discipline is structured on the modules which consist of the semantic modules. The contents of the educational loading of students is described in the credits of ECTS – credit tests, which are reckon up to the students at the successful mastering by them proper module (test credit).

 

Discipline is divided into on 2 modules which include the blocks of the semantic modules:

 

Module 1. General pathological processes.

Semantic modules:

1. Introduction. Morphology of injury and death of cells and tissues.

2. Hemo– and lymphodynamic disturbances. Inflammation.

3. Immunopathological processes. Regeneration, processes of adaptation and compensation compensation .

4. Morphology of neoplasia.

Module 2. Systemic pathomorphology.

Semantic modules:

5. Diseases of blood system and cardio-vascular system.

6. Diseases of the nervous system. Diseases of respiratory system. Diseases of gastrointestinal system.

7. Diseases of the endocrine system. Diseases of urinary and genital systems. Diseases of musculoskeletal systems.

8. Diseases of pregnancy and postdelivery period. Pre- and perinatal pathology. Environmental and nutritional diseases. Yatrogenic pathology.

 9.  Pathomorphology of infectious process.

 

Credit is the module system of organization of educational process induces students for systematic studying during a school year.

According to a curriculum the types of educational activity of students are pursuant to: a) lectures; b) practical classes, c) independent work of students (IWS).

The themes of lecture course expose the problems questions of the proper sections of pathomorphology.

Practical training provide for:

1) research by the students of macroscopic changes of the affected isolated organs and systems in case of general or special pathological processes;

2) research by the students of microscopic changes of the affected cells and organs in case of general or special pathological processes;

3) to solve the situational tests (estimation of morphological changes at the varied pathological processes) which have clinical-anatomical direction.

 

Students are recommended to keep a minutes of practical trainings, where they describe the macroscopic and microscopic changes of organs, tissues and cells in case of those or other pathological processes and sketch separate microslides.

The departments of pathomorphology have a right to make modifications in the working curriculum depending on economic feasibilities organizational and, and directions of scientific researches ecological features of region, but must to carry out the whole volume of requirements from discipline according to the ultimate goals of eqc and epp on speciality training and curriculum.

Current educational activity of students is controlled on practical trainings in accordance with concrete aims and during individual work of teacher with students.

It is recommended to apply such diagnostic methods of level knowledge of students: computers tests; solving of situational tests; structured writing works; control of practical skills and abilities structured on procedure (estimation of knowledge and abilities to analyze and macro- and microscopic changes of cells, tissues, organs and systems in case of those or other pathological processes).

The final module control is carried out on completion of study to the module.

Estimation of student progress from discipline is rating and is proposed using a multimark scale as middle arithmetic estimation of lerning of the proper modules, has definition according to system of ECTS and traditional scale accepted in Ukraine.

 

Description of curriculum from discipline “pathomorphology”

for the students of medical faculties

 

Note: 1 credit of ЕСТS – 30 hours

Audience work– 62%, IWS – 38%

 

II. PURPOSE OF STUDY OF EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE

Aim of study of pathomorphology is ultimate goals are set on the basis of EPP preparation of doctor on speciality in accordance with the block of its semantic to the module (natural is scientific preparation) and is basis for construction of maintenance of educational discipline. Description of aims is formulated through ability as the having a special purpose tasks (actions). On the basis of ultimate goals to each to the module or semantic to the module the concrete aims are formulated as certain abilities (actions), which achievement of ultimate goal of study of discipline. Ultimate goals are located at the beginning of the program and precede to its contain, concrete aims precede to maintenance of proper semantic to the module.

 

Ultimate  goals of discipline:

·        To analyze structurally-functional intercommunications and sequence of stages of general pathological processes.

·        To interpret pathology of cells and to ground clinical-morphological characteristics of general pathological processes which stipulate the disease’s manifestations.

·        To interpret etiology, pathogenesis and morphological changes on the different stages of development diseases, structural base of convalescence, complications and consequences of diseases.

 

 

 TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PROGRAM

Module 1. General pathological processes.

 

 

q  Semantic module 1. Introduction. Morphology of injury and death of cells and tissues.

Concrete aims:

ü To explain the role of pathological anatomy as sciences, fields of medicine and educational object. To master the methods of research of pathomorphology.

ü To analyze making stages of pathomorphology and payment of scientists in development of world pahomorphology.

ü To interpret morphology of stereotyping and specific injury of cellular organelles and cellular-interstitial cooperations.

ü To explain the intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of trophics and causes of their disturbances. To explain morphology of reversible and irreversible damage of cells and tissues.

ü  To interpret morphology of intracellular and extracellular accumulation of proteins, carbonhydrates, lipids, endogenous and exogenous pigments and their consequences.

ü To interpret morphology of mineral metabolism disturbances and its consequences.

ü To interpret morphology and consequences of necrosis: macro- and microscopic changes of tissues, organs and systems at the varied clinical-morphological forms of necrosis.

ü To explain bases of thanatology. To interpret a concept: death and its signs.

 

Theme. Object and tasks of pahomorphology. Methods of pahomorphological researches. Basic stages of development of pathomorphology. Morphology of reversible and irreversible injury of cells and tissues. Intracellular and extracellular accumulation of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.

 

Pahomorphology is science, which studies structural (material) bases of diseases for the comprehension of fundamental bases of medical science and deep study of clinic of diseases with the next use of the got knowledges in-clinical practice.

 

Task of pathomorphology: study of pathology of cells; general patological processes analysis and conclusions concerning a morphogenesis and morphology of diseases, structural bases of convalescence, complications and consequences.

 

Pathomorphology as a fundamental and clinical field of medicine. Principle of unity of structure and function.

Comparison of morphological and clinical displays of diseases on all stages of their development.

Methods of pathomorphological researches: autopsy, biopsy, research of operating material, experimental modeling.

History of development of pathomorphology. Payment of works of G.Morgagni, J.Hunter, C. Rokitansky, R.Virchow, W. Boyd in development of world pathomorphology.

Intracellular accumulation: definition, mechanisms of development. Categories: accumulation of normal products of cell metabolism, pathological products (exogenous or endogenous).

Extracellular accumulations. Hyaline changes. Intracellular and extracellular hyaline: morphogenesis, morphological description. Hyaline changes at the different diseases.

 

Theme: Ultrastructural pathology of cell. Cellular-interstitial interactions. Regulation of intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of metabolism.

Pathology of cell as an integrative concept. Pathology of cellular nucleus. Pathology of mytosis, chromosomal aberrations and chromosomal diseases. Stereotyping injury ultrastructures in reply to the varied influencing. Pathological changes of cellular membranes and cells during the damage of cytolemma. Pathological changes of endoplasmic reticulum. Pathological changes of complex of Goldgy. Pathological changes of mitochondria. Pathological changes of lysosomes. Pathological changes of peroxisomes. Pathological changes of the cytoskelet (microfilaments, microtubules). Motion of cell and its role in pathology. Specific changes of ultrastructures: “diseases” of receptors, lysosomal, mitochondria, peroxisomal “diseases”.

 

Theme: Metabolic disturbance. Morphology of pathological accumulation of endogenous and exogenous pigments. Morphology of disoders of mineral metabolism.

Metabolic disturbance of iron and hemoglobinogenic pigments. Metabolism and pathogenic action of iron, formation of anabolic and catabolic ferritin. Classification of hemoglobinogenic pigments. Toxic forms of ferritin: causes and effects of their education.

Pathology of metabolism of proteinogenic pigments. Morphological description of hypopigmentation (leucoderma, vitiligo, albinism) and hyperpigmentation (diffuse and local melanosis, nevus).

Disorders of nucleoproteins metabolism. Gout and gout arthritis: classification, etiology, pathogenesis, stages and morphological characteristic of changes of joints, clinical manifestations, complications, outcomes. Gouty nephropathy. Clinical-morphological manifestations.

Disorders of exchange of minerals and microelementss.

Causes and mechanisms of the stone formation. Types of stones. Consequences and complications of stone formation.

 

Theme: Morphology of cell injury and death of cells and tissues. Necrosis and apoptosis. Pathomorphology of organ insufficiency. Bases of thanatology. Death, definition, signs of death.

Necrosis of cell: definition, mechanisms and stages of development, morphological characteristic of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, outcomes.

Pathogenic induced apoptosis: definition, molecular mechanisms, and term of development, microscopic changes and its consequences.

Immune elimination of cells: morphological manifestations. Phagocytosis: definition, main cell-phagocytes, microscopic manifestations of phagocytosis.

Pathomorphology of organ insufficiency.

Postischemic-reperfusion damages of organs: definition, peculiarities of morphogenesis, clinical-morphological characteristic, outcomes.

Bases of thanatology is study about death, its causes, mechanisms and manifestations.

Birth and death of man. Death of organism from biological, social and medical aspects:. Causes of death. Natural death, violent death, and death because of the diseases (premature and sudden). Definition of intrauterine death.

Tanathogenesis. Causes, molecular-metabolic and structural mechanisms of stopping of activity of vitally-important organs at the natural course of disease. Nearest consequences of stopping of work of heart, lungs, brain, kidneys and liver.

Biological death: definition, immediate (main) causes and terms of development during disease and in case of sudden deatht. Early and late signs of biological death and death of reanimating patient. Peculiarities of postmortem changes in intrauterine death of fetus and in children. Morphological manifestations of postmortem changes

Autopsy.

 

Semantic module 2. Disturbances of blood and lymph circulation. Inflammation.

Concrete aims:

 

ü To explain the morphological manifestations of disturbances of ionic-osmotic and water balance.

ü To explain the morphological manifestations and consequences of disorders of blood circulation: arterial and venous hyperemia, anemia, bleeding, stasis, plasmorrhagia, shock, embolism.

ü To explain the morphological manifestations and consequences of lymph circulation disorders.

ü To analyze the morphological manifestations and consequences of hemorrhagic syndromes.

ü To analyze the morphological manifestations and consequences of thrombosis.

ü To analyze the morphological manifestations and consequences of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.

ü To analyze morphological description of varieties of exsudative inflammation.

o   To analyze morphological features and consequences of proliferative inflammation.

 

Theme: Disturbances of water-electrolytic balance.

Disturbances of ionic-osmotic and water balance. Hyper- and hypokaliemia: role in tanathogenesis. Disturbances of water balance, hypo- and hypernatriemia: role at tanathogenesis, intercellular and cellular dehydratation. Transudate, hydrothorax, hydropericardium, hydroperitoneum, edema of inner organs (lungs, brain): morphogenesis, morphological manifestations.

 

Theme:  Disorders of blood circulation: hyperemia, anemia (ischemia), infarction, bleeding, hemorrhage, stasis, plasmorrhagia. Shock. Disturbances of lymph circulation.

Congestion (hyperemia). Types, morphology.  

Ischemia: definition, morphological manifestations.

Bleeding, hemorrhage: Types, clinical-morphological manifestations.

Stasis: morphological manifestations, consequences.

Plasmorrhagia: morphological manifestations, consequences.

Morphological manifestations of disturbances of lymph circulation.

Shock: pathomorphological manifestations.

Clinical-pathomorphological pecularietes features and consequences of postischemic-reperfusion damages of organs.

 

Theme: Disturbances of hemostasis . Thrombosis, DIC-syndrome. Embolism.

Thrombosis, thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis: clinical – morphologic manifestation, significance and consequences of thrombosis.

Syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Morphological manifestations, complications (thrombo-embolic syndrome), consequences.

Embolism: types appearances , morphological manifestations.

 

Theme: Common studies about inflammation lighting . Exsudative inflammation. Morphology of exsudative inflammation.

Common studies about inflammation. Kinetics of inflammatory reaction. Phagocytosis (stages) completed and uncompleted phagocytosis. Exsudative inflammation: serous, pseudomembranous (fibrinous: croupous, diphtheric), suppurative (phlegmon, abscess, empyema), catarrhal, hemorragic, mixed. Morphological manifestations.

 

Theme:  Proliferative inflammation. Specific inflammation. Granulomatosis.

Productive inflammation. Cellular cooperations (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, fibroblasts and others). Morphological features, consequences.

Granulomatous inflammation: morphological manifestations and methods of diagnostics, consequences. Cellular kinetics of granulomas. Specific and nonspecific granulomas. Granulomatous diseases.

 

Semantic module 3.  Immunopathological processes. Regeneration, processes of adaptation and compensation compensation .

Concrete aims:

 

ü To analyze the morphologic changes of thymus at its congenital and acquired pathology.

ü To interpret the morphological changes in the reactions of hypersensitivity.

ü To analyze the morphologic manifestations of autoimmune diseases.

ü To interpret the morphological manifestations of primary and secondary immune deficiency syndromes.

ü To indicate conclusions about structural bases of physiology adaptation of organs.

    To explain the morphogenesis, types and morphological manifestations of regenerative process.

 

 

Theme: Pathomorphology of immune system. Reactions and mechanisms of hypersensitivity. Autoimmune diseases.  Immunodeficient states.

Changes of thymus in the disturbances of immunogenesis. Age involution and accidental transformation. Congenital diseases of thymus: hypoplasia, dysplasia, thymomegaly.

Immune response of organism against antigen. Immunological tolerance.

Cellular bases of immune response.

Humoral immunity. Cellular immunity. Immunological hypersensitivity: morphological description of immediate hypersensitivity; morphological description of anti-body-depended hypersensitivity (destructive and cytotoxic reactions); morphological description of immune complex-dependent hypersensitivity; morphological description of hypersensitivity of delayed type.

 

Theme :  Autoimmune diseases. Immunodeficient states.

Autoimmune diseases: clinical-morphologic manifestations.

Amyloidosis: principles of classification, morphological manifestations.

Immunologic insufficiency: clinical-morphological manifestations of primary and secondary immune insufficiency. Immune deficiency syndromes.

 

Theme : Processes of adaptation and compensation.  Regeneration, reparation.  Sclerosis.

 

Types of adaptations and compensatory changes: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia. Definitions, types, morphologic manifestations.

Regeneration: definition, types and biological value, connection with inflammation. Morphogenesis of regenerative process.

Regeneration of the distinct types of tissues and organs. Regeneration of connective tissue. Granulation tissue: stages, morphological description. Types of wound healing.

Dysregeneration: morphological description of hyperregeneration and hyporegeneration of the injured tissues.

 

Semantic module 4. Morphology of neoplasia.

o   Concrete aims:

ü To interpret the modern concepts of etiology (cancerogenesis) and pathogenesis of benign and malignant tumors.

ü To interpret the pre-tumors (pre-cancerous) states and changes, their essence and morphology.

ü To interpret the general morphologic features of benign and malignant tumors.

ü To interpret a morphogenesis and histogenesis of tumors.

ü To explain mechanisms (metastatic cascade) and routes of metastasis.

ü To explain the major clinical-pathological manifestations of tumorous swelling growth.

ü To analyze the morphologic features of the benign and malignant tumors, derived from mezenhymal  tissue.

ü To analyze the morphologic features of the tumors, derived from nervous  tissue.

ü To interpret the value of pre-tumors changes at tumors derived from melanin-producing  tissue, the morphological features of nevus and melanoma.

ü To explain the features of children’s tumor in comparison with adults.

ü To interpret modern classification of tumors of childhood.

ü To explain the morphological features of dysontogenetic tumors.

ü To draw conclusions about the morphological features of teratomas and teratoblastomas.

ü To draw conclusions about the morphological features of tumors derived from embryonic tissues.

ü To draw conclusions about the morphological features of tumors of childhood, which develop on as the tumors of adults.

Theme: Common studies about tumors swelling . Morphological features of tumors swelling derived from mezenhymal  tissue.

 

Factors of risk of tumor growth. Influencing of geographical areas, factors of environment.Modern theories of carcinogenesis. Influencing of senescence of human. Heredity: inherited tumors syndromes, family forms of neoplasia, syndromes of RNA broken reparation. Pre-tumors (pre-carcinomatouse) states and changes, their essence, morphology.

Biology of tumor growth. Morphogenesis of tumors. Tumor’s angiogenesis. Progression and heterogeneity of tumors. Features of cellular population in tumor focus. Nomenclature and principles of classification. Histogenesis (cytogenesis) and differentiation of tumors. Basic properties of tumor. Structural features, parenchyma and stroma of tumor. Types of tumor growth: expansive, infiltrating and appositional; exophytic and endophytic.

Major clinical-pathological appearance of tumor growth. Description of the neoplastic process. Local influence of tumor. Metastasis: types, conformities to the law, mechanisms. Metastatic cascade.

Disturbance of homeostasis of organism. Secondary changes in a tumor. Cancer cachexia,  paraneoplastic syndromes.

Role of biopsy in oncology.

Stages of carcinogenesis. Carcinogenic agents and their co-operation with cells. Major groups of chemical carcinogens. Radiation carcinogenesis. Viral carcinogenesis. Clinical-morphological appearances.

Antitumor immunity. Antigens of tumors. Immune supervision. Antitumor effector mechanisms (cellular and humoral).

Dysplasia: staes, morphological features, clinical significance, their role in cancerogenesis.

 Benign and malignant tumors: varieties, comparative characteristics.

General description of mesenchymal tumors. Benign mesenchymal tumors. Malignant tumors derived from mesenchyma. Pathways of sarcoma’s metastasis.

 

Theme : Nomenclature and morphological features of nervous tissue tumors. Features of CNS tumors

Tumors of CNS: neuroectodermal (astrocytic, oligodendroglial, ependimoglial tumors of choroidal epithelium, neuronal, low-differentiated and embryonic), meningovascular. Morphologic features and features of metastatic spreading.

Tumors of the autonomic nervous system. Tumors of the peripheral nervous system.

 

Theme: Nomenclature of tumors which derived from melanin-producing tissue. Morphological features of tumors which derived from melanin-producing tissue.

Value of pre-tumorous changes. Nevus, its varieties. Melanoma, its clinic-morphological types.

Theme: Nomenclature and morphological features of tumors derived from epithelium.

Epithelial tumors without specific localization: benign (papilloma, adenoma) and malignant (cancer). Histological variants of cancer. Features of metastatic spreading.

Tumors of exo– , endocrine glands and epithelial membranes.

 

Theme: Features of childhood neoplasia. Dysontogenetic tumors. Teratomas and teratoblastomas.

Features of childhood neoplasia in comparison with adults. Classification of tumors of childhood. Dysontogenetic tumors: hamartomas and hamartoblastomas of vascular origin, hamartomas and hamartoblastomas from skeletal muscles, hamartoblastomas of internal organs. Teratomas and teratoblastomas.

 

Theme : Tumors from cambial embryonic tissues. Tumors of childhood, which develop on as the tumors of adults.

Tumors from cambial embryonic tissues: meduloblastoma, retinoblastoma, neuroblastoma. Tumors of child age, which develop on as the tumors of adults: tumors of CNS, hemapoietic system, soft tissues, bones. Features of course and metastatic spreading.

 Autopsy.

 

 

Thematic plan of lectures 1 modul

 

Thematic plan of practical classes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Types of independent work of students (IWS) and its control

 

 

 

Module 2. Systemic pathomorphology .

Semantic module 5. Diseases of blood system and cardio-vascular system

ü Concrete aims:

ü To interpret the clinical-morphologycal manifestations, diagnostics of  anemia by blood loss; anemia, that is caused by impaired red cells production and the  anemia increased rate of destruction.

ü To interpret etiology, clinical-morphologycal characteristic, diagnostics of thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathy and coagulopathies.

ü To interpret forms, modern methods of diagnostics, stages of development, clinical-morphologycal characteristic, complication, medical pathomorphosis, age-old peculiarities, causes of death at an acute and chronic leukemias.

ü To interpret the modern methods of diagnostics, clinical-morphologycal signs of tumors from lymph nodes (Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas).

ü To analyze the morphological description, stages of atherosclerosis and organ injury.

ü To interpret the morpho-functional changes in myocardium in acute and chronic heart disease, consequences, complications, causes of death.

ü To interpret clinical-morphologycal description, complications, causes of death in essential hypertensia (hypertensive disease) and in secondary (symptomatic) hypertensions.

ü To define the morphological changes, consequences and complications in rheumatic diseases and vasculites.

ü To analyze the morphological changes consequences and complications in endomyocarditis of different genesis.

ü To interpret: mechanism of development, varieties of the acquired and congenital defects of heart, their complications  and causes of death.

 

 

Theme:. Anemias. Thrombocytopenias and thrombocytopathies. Coagulopathies.

Anemias: clinical- morphological manifestations.

Thrombocytopenias, thrombocytopathies and coagulopathies: clinical- morphological manifestations.

 

Theme.  Leukemias. Lymphomas.

Leukemias are the primary tumors growth in bone marrow. Classification, general clinical-morphologycal manifestations. Cytogenetic and cytochemical methods of differentiation of cellular variants of leukemias.

Reactive conditions of lymphatic nodes (histocytosis, angiofollicular hyperplasia of lymphatic nodes).

Hodgkin’s disease (Hodgkin’s lymphoma): histological types, morphological description and methods of diagnostics, causes of death.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Lymphomas derived from T and B – limphocytes: types, morphological description, immunofenotypical variants, cytogenetic and molecular-genetic markers, causes of death.

Theme:. Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Ischemic heart disease.

Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: common information information (epidemiology, risk factors). Morphological description and stages of atherosclerosis, construction of atherosclerotic plaques. Injury of organs in atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, morphological description.

Ischemic heart disease. Angina pectoris (Stenocardia): classification, clinical-morphological description. Myocardial infarction: causes causes , classification, dynamics of morpho-functional manifestations changing in myocardium. Consequences, complications, causes causes of death. Chronic ischemic heart disease: clinical-morphological description, complications, causes causes of death.

 

Theme: Hypertension and artheriolosclerosis . Hypertensive disease and symptomatic hypertensions .

Essential hypertension (hypertensive disease) and secondary secondary (symptomatic) hypertension . Benign and malignant hypertension . Hypertensive disease: risk factors, morphological changes changing in vessels, heart, kidneys kidneys and other organs.

 

Theme: Systemic diseases of connective tissue with auto-immunization.

Rheumatic fever: classification and morphogeny, morphological description.

Rheumatoid arthritis. Morphogeny, morphological changes in joints (stages of progress of rheumatoid arthritis , complications and consequences).

Bekhterev’s disease : pathomorpholopgy.

Systemic lupus erithematosus : pathomorpholopgy, immunomorphological manifestations changing in a skin, vessels, heart, kidneys kidneys . Complications, causes causes of death.

Systemic scleroderma: pathomorpholopgy, visceral manifestations. Complications, causes causes of death.

Dermatomyositis : pathomorpholopgy, clinical-morphological forms shapes . Complications, causes causes of death.

 

Theme 26: Systemic vasculitis.

The inflammatory hot-tempered,ardent injuries of vessels are vasculitis. Classification. Basic main non-infectious vasculitis: nodular periarteritis, Takayasu’s arteritis, temporal arteritis , Wegener’s granulomatosis, obliterance thromboangiitis (Buerger’s disease) , (Winiwarter-Buerger disease),  Kawasaki’s disease : morphological descriptions. Vasculitis of other groups (Schonlein-Genoch purpura , rhematoid vasculitis ). Raunaud’s disease : clinical-morphological description.

 

Theme: Diseases of endocardium and myocardium.

Cardiomyopathies : primary and secondary secondary , morphological description.

Injury of endocardium: clinical-morphological manifestations, causes causes of death.

Myocarditis: clinical-morphological manifestations, causes causes of death.

Acquired bought defects vices of heart: mechanism of development formation , varieties.

 

Semantic module 6. Diseases of the nervous system. Diseases of respiratory system. Diseases of gastrointestinal system.

§  Concrete aims:

ü To interpret the concept notion of cerebral-vascular diseases, risk factors and morphological manifestations of ischemic, hemorrhagic and mixed infarctions of cerebrum.

ü  To interpret the morphological manifestations changing in Azcheimer’s disease , demyelinating diseases (dissipated sclerosis) and in lateral amyotrophic sclerosis.

ü To interpret the morphological manifestations changing in postreanimation encephalopathy.

ü To interpret the morphological manifestations changing in the infectious diseases of CNS (central nervous system).

ü To interpret a morphogeny, clinical- morphological manifestations, complications, consequences of acute and chronic diseases of upper,top respiratory tract.

ü To interpret the morphological features of malignant tumors swelling of bronchi and lungs, pathways of their metastasis.

ü To interpret the varieties and clinical-morphological manifestations, complications and consequences of diseases of esophagus, stomach and intestine.

ü To interpret the classification, macroscopic and histological forms, shapes features of metastasis of cancer of stomach.

ü  To interpret the clinical-morphologicl manifestations, consequences of peritonitis, primary and secondary secondary tumors swelling of peritoneum.

ü To interpret the pathomorpholopgy of liver’s diseases.

ü To interpret the morpho-functional manifestations in cholelithiasis, acute and chronic cholecystitis, acute and chronic pancreatitis.

 

Theme: Diseases of the nervous system. Cerebro-vascular diseases.

           Cerebro-vascular diseases: definition definitions , risk factors, classification, background states. Insult (ischemic infarction) in brain. Morphological classification and description, consequences. Selective necrosis of neurons (ischemic encephalopathy): morphological description. Hemorrhagic infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoidal hemorrhage: morphological description, complications, consequences.

 

Theme: Alzheimer’s disease . Dissipated sclerosis. Lateral amyotrophic sclerosis. Postreanimation encephalopathy. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system.

Alzheimer’s disease : morphological description.

Demyelinating diseases. Classification. Dissipated sclerosis: morphological description.

Lateral amyotrophic sclerosis: morphological description.

Postreanimation encephalopathy: pathomorpholopgy and evolution of inlaid-hearths anoxic damages of a brain and spinal cerebrum. Features of morphogeny and pathomorphological diagnostics.

Diseases of peripheral nerves and paraganglions . Damage of peripheral nerves. Degenerative manifestations changing in peripheral nerves. Peripheral neurology. Diabetic, uremic and other forms shapes of neurology.

 

Theme: Diseases of respiratory system.

Acute bronchitis: pathomorpholopgy. Acute bronchiolitis (primary, follicle, obliterated ): pathomorpholopgy. Complications.

Acute inflammatory hot-tempered,ardent diseases of lungs. General common description, modern classification of pneumonias. Clinical-morphological features, stages of development, complications, consequences.

Chronic heterospecific diseases of lungs: chronic obstructive bronchitis, chronic obstructive emphysema, bronchiectasis and bronchiectatic disease, bronchial asthma, diffuse chronic disease. Definition definition , classification, morphogeny, morphological description, complications, consequences.

Tumors swelling of bronchi tubes and lungs.

 

Theme: Diseases of esophagus, stomach and intestine.

Diseases of esophagus : morphological description.

Chronic gastritis and ulcerous disease: clinical-morphological description, complications, consequences.

Tumors swelling of esophagus and stomach.

Enterocolitis: clinical-morphological description, complications.

Tumors swelling of small and large intestine, morphological characteristics .

Appendicitis. Classification. Morphological description of acute and chronic appendicitis. Complications.

 

Theme: Diseases of liver and biliary system and  pancreas.

Fatty hepatosis: clinical-morphological description, complication.

 Toxic degeneration of liver: pathomorpholopgy,  complications.

Acute and chronic hepatitis: classification, morphogeny, morphological description, consequences, prognosis.

Alcoholic disease of liver: morphogeny, morphological description, complications and causes causes of death.

Cirrhosis of liver: patomorphological signs, morphological classification, morphological description of major types of cirrhosis.

Tumors swelling of liver.

Cholelithiasis: types of stones rocks . Acute and chronic cholecystitis: morphological description, complications, causes causes of death.

    Pancreatitis: acute and chronic.  Morphological description, complications and causes causes of death.

Cancer of pancreas: morphological description.

Autopsy.

 

Semantic module 7. Semantic module 7. Diseases  of the endocrine system. Diseases of urinary-genital system.  Diseases of musculoskeletal system.

Concrete aims:

ü To interpret causes, clinical-morphological signs of the syndromes related to dysfunction of back particle of pituitary body.

ü To interpret the clinical-morphological manifestations,   complications and causes causes of death in sugars diabetes mellitus.

ü To interpret a morphogeny and morphological manifestations of diseases of thyroid and parathyroid glands.

ü To interpret the clinical-morphological manifestations    of diseases of adrenals .

ü To interpret the clinical-morphological manifestations of diseases of epiphysis (pineal body) of brain.

ü To interpret the morphological manifestations of diseases of female genital system and mammary gland suckling .

ü To interpret the morphological manifestations of diseases of male genital system male .

ü To interpret the modern clinical-morphological classification, morphological manifestations   of diseases of kidneys kidneys .

ü To explain the morphological manifestations changing of bones in the diseases of the osteo-articular system.

ü To explain the clinical-morphological manifestations of muscular dystrophy, myopathies, myastheni a .

 

Theme: Diseases of pituitary body. Diabetes mellitus. sugars   Diseases of thyroid. Diseases of adrenals .

Diseases of Pituitary body: clinical-morphological description. 

Diabetes mellitus sugars . Morphological description of sugars diabetes mellitus. Complications of sugars diabetes mellitus (diabetic angiopathy , nephropathy , retinopathy , neurology): clinical-morphological description, prognosis. Causes causes of death at sugars diabetes mellitus.

Diseases of thyroid: classification, morphological description.

Diseases of parathyroid glands: morphological description.

Diseases of adrenals : morphological description.

Diseases of epiphisis: pathomorpholopgy.

 

Theme:  Diseases  of the female and male male genital system.

Diseases of cervix of uterus matrix : classification, clinical-morphological description.

Diseases of body of uterus matrix and ovaries: morphological description.

Disease of breast suckling : classification, clinical-morphological description.

Diseases of male genital system: morphological description, complications, consequences.

 

Theme: Diseases of kidneys kidneys .

Glomerular diseases of kidneys kidneys . Glomerulonephritis : classification, morphological description, consequences.

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, membranous nephropathy , focal segmental glomerulosclerosis : morphological description.

Acute necrosis of tubules: morphological description.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis: morphological description, consequences.

Acute and chronic pyelonephritis: morphological description, complications. Nephrolithiasis. Morphogeny, morphological description, consequences.

Hydronephrosis . Morphogeny, morphological description, consequences.

Polycystic diseases   of kidneys kidneys : morphological description.

Amiloidosis of kidneys kidneys : morphological description, consequences.

Chronic renal insufficiency: pathomorpholopgy.

 

Theme:  Parathyroid osteodegeneration, osteopetrosis, Paget’s disease, fibrous dysplasia, osteomyelitis, diseases of joints, dystrophies of muscles, myasthenias.

 

Hyperparathyroidism (primary and secondary): morphological changes of bones.

Paget’s disease : morphological description, complications.

Fibrous dysplasia : morphological description, complications.

Osteomyelitis : morphological description, complications, consequences.

Dushenne’s muscular degeneration : pathogeny, morphological description, causes causes of death.

Myotonia: definition definition , pathogeny, clinical-morphological description.

Congenital myopathies . Classification, clinical-morphological description.

Toxic myopathies : clinical-morphological description.

Diseases of the neuromuscular junction. Myasthenia (myastenia gravis):  morphological description.

 

Semantic module 8. Diseases of pregnancy, and postdelivery period. Diseases of pre- and perinatal period. Pathomorphology of Environmental and nutritional diseases. Yatrogenic pathology.

 

§  Concrete aims:

ü To interpret the morphological manifestations, complications and consequences of abortions, ectopic pregnancy, gestoses and trophoblastic disease.

ü To interpret the basic types of placental pathology.

ü  To explain the clinical-morphological manifestations,   prognosis of maternity trauma and maternity injury .

ü To explain the clinical-morphological manifestations of prematurity , overmaturity and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). )

ü To interpret the clinical-morphological manifestations of hemolytic and hemorragic diseases of newborns infants and pneumopathies.

ü To interpret the clinical-morphological manifestations   of intrauterine infectious fetopathies and congenital defects vices of development.

ü To explain the clinical-morphological bases grounds of the diseases, related tied to the insufficient and surplus feed nourishment hypo- and avitaminosises.

ü To interpret patho– and morphogeny, clinical-morphological manifestations   complications  of professional diseases, which are caused by influencing of chemical industrial factors, dust (pneumoconioses), changes of atmospheric pressure, influencing of industrial noise (noise disease), temperature influencing,induced radiation and exposure to electromagnetic field, influencing of electric current, ionizing radiations (radiation disease).

ü To interpret a morphogeny, clinical-morphological manifestations,   complications of the chemical and medical medicinal influencing.

 

Theme: Pathology of pregnancy, postdelivery period and placenta.

Spontaneous and medical abortions: features of morphological research.

Ectopic pregnancy: classification, morphological diagnostics, complications and consequences. Causes causes of death.

Toxemia of pregnancy (gestoses): morphological manifestations changing in mother and in the fetus .

Trophoblastic disease. Classification. Hydatidiform mole, invasive hydatidiform mole, chorionepithelioma. Morphological description, prognosis.

Pathology of placenta: classification, morphological features.

 

Theme:  Pre- and perinatal pathology.

Prematurity and overmaturity. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) of newborn . Clinical-morphological manifestations, prognosis.

Maternity trauma: classification, morphological description.

Hemolytic and hemorragic diseases of neuborns infants : morphological description.

Diseases of lungs of perinatal period (pneumopathies): morphological manifestations.

Asphyxia (pre- and intranatal ): morphological description. Consequences.

Infectious fetopathies: morphological manifestations.

Morphology of non-infectious fetopathies .

Congenital defects vices of development: morphological description.

 

Theme: Diseases related to the feed. nourishment Pathomorphological changes in some hypo- and avitaminoses. Radiation disease, professional diseases, hospital disease and others.

Diseases related tied to the feed nourishment : morphological description.

Professional diseases, which are caused called by influencing of chemical productions factors, dust (pneumoconiosis ): classification, pathomorphology.

Damages which are related tied to the manifestations changing of atmospheric pressure. High-altitude disease. Contusion. Air aerial embolism. Decompression (caisson) disease. Pathomorphology. Consequences. Causes of death

Diseases due to influencing of industrial noise (noise disease): pathomorphology and consequences.

Diseases as a result of influencing of ionizing radiations (radiation disease). Pathomorphology of acute and chronic radiation disease. Causes of death.

Professional diseases which are caused by the overstrain. Chronic fatigue syndrome.

Damages from the temperature influencing. Burns (deep and superficial). Heat stroke (exertional and classic): clinical-morphological description. Hypothermal damage.

Damages which are caused by an electric current: clinical-morphological description. Causes of death.

Paratherapeutic medical medicinal pathology, morphological description. Iatrogenic medical pathology.  

Theme: Autopsy and biopsy research.

 

Semantic module 9.  Pathomorphology of infectious process.

Concrete aims:

ü To interpret general description of infectious process: portal of entry of infection, primary infectious complex, spreading and dissemination, ways of transmission of infectious diseases.

ü To interpret the morphogeny, clinical-morphological signs, consequences, causes of death in gastrointestinal infectious diseases.

ü To interpret the morphogeny, clinical-morphological manifestations, consequences, causes causes of death in acute viral diseases, rickettsioses.

ü To interpret the morphogeny, clinical-morphoplogical manifestations,   consequences, causes causes of death in the infectious diseases of childhood.

ü To analyze the morphology of tissues reactions, constituents of primary tubercular complex.

ü To interpret the clinical-morphological manifestations   and complications of primary, hematogenous and secondary secondary tuberculosis.

ü To interpret the clinical-morphological manifestations of forms shapes of sepsis : septicemia , septicopyemia, septic (infectious) endocarditis.

ü To interpret the morphogeny, clinical-morphological manifestations, consequences, causes causes of death in  plague, rabbit-fever, sibirea, cholera.

ü To interpret the morphogeny, clinical-morphological manifestations, consequences, causes causes of death in diseases  caused by protozoa, helmints: Malaria, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Opisthorchiasis, Schistosomiasis, Lymphatic Filariasis, Leishmaniasis, African Trypanosomiasis.

ü To interpret the morphogeny, clinical-morphological manifestations,   consequences, causes causes of death in mycoses.

 

Theme: Infectious and parasitogenic diseases. Description of infectious process. Intestinal infectious diseases.

 

General common description of infectious process: portal of entry of infection, primary infectious complex, spreading and dissemination, ways of transmission of infectious diseases.

Morphological variants of local and general common reactions in infections: with participation of neitrophils (purulent inflammation); with participation of lymphocytes and macrophages (mononuclear cell infiltration, granulomatous inflammation); at action of viruses (cytopathic); with advantage of necrotizing local reaction.

Typhoid fever and salmonellosis: morphogeny, morphological description,  complications, consequences, causes causes of death.

Shigellosis : morphogeny, morphological description, complications, consequences, causes causes of death.

Viral enteritis and diarrhea . Campilobacter , jersinia , staphylococcus and coli– enterites.

 

Theme: Viral respiratory infections. AIDS- infection . Hydrophobia. Rickettsioses . Prion’s infections.

Acute respiratory viral diseases (influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory-syncytial infection, adenoviralinfectious disease): clinical-morphological manifestations.  

Syndrome of the acquired bought immunodeficiency (AIDS): morphogeny, clinical-morphological description. AIDS-associated diseases: opportunistic infections, tumors swelling . Complications, causes causes of death.

Rickettsioses : Rash epidemic and sporadic typhoid fever. Reversed typhus. Morphological description.

Hydrophobia: morphological description, causes causes of death.

Slow viral neuroinfections and prion’s diseases   (curu , Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease , prion’s diseases of animals): morphological description.

 

Theme: Childhood infections.

Measles. Epidemic parotitis. Infectious mononucleosis. Poliomyelitis. Chickenpox. “Whooping cough”. Diphtheria: morphogeny, morphological description, complication, causes causes of death.

 

Theme: Tuberculosis.

Morphology of tissues reactions in tuberculosis. Modern morphological classification of tuberculosis. Primary tubercular complex: morphological description. Progress of primary tuberculosis with generalization: morphological description. Chronic duration of primary tuberculosis: morphological description. Postprimary tuberculosis hematogenous tuberculosis (generalized, hematogenous pulmonary tuberculosis, hematogenous tuberculosis with unpulmonary lesions): morphological description.

Postprimary tuberculosis (Secondary) secondary tuberculosis. Morphological description, complications, consequences, causes causes of death. Modern pathomorphosis of tuberculosis.

 

Theme: Sepsis . Quarantine infections. Syphilis .

Sepsis as the special form shape of development of infection. Differences from other infections. Concept about a septic focus, portal of entry (classification, morphology). Classification of sepsis. Clinical-anatomic forms of sepsis: septicemia, septicopyemia, septic (bacterial) endocarditis: morphological description.

          Plague, rabbit-fever, sibirea, cholera: pathologic anatomy of clinical-morphological forms shapes , complications, causes cause of death.

Syphilis: classification, morphological manifestations in primary, secondary syphilis, pathomorphology of visceral syphilis . Pathomorphology of congenital syphilis : syphilis of stillborn, preterms , early congenital syphilis of newborns and infants kids , late congenital syphilis of children kids of preschool and school age.

Theme: Diseases, caused by fungi, the protozoa and helminthes. Tropical infections.

 

Malaria, Balantidiasis , Amebiasis, Lymphatic Filariasis. : morphogeny, morphological description, complications, consequences.

Trichinosis, echinococcosis, hydatidosis , cystercosis, opisthorchiasis, schistosomiasis: morphogeny, morphological description, complications, consequences.

Mycoses: pathomorphology, complications, consequences at dermatomycoses . Pathomorphology, complications, consequences of visceral mycoses (aktinomycosis , candidiasis , aspergillosis ).

Autopsy.

 

Thematic plan of lectures for module 2

 

 

 

Thematic plan of practical classes for module 2

 

 

Types of independent work of students (IWS) and its control

For module 2