The history of medicine and the development of chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Pharmacy Soviet era.
Pharmacy in the Great Patriotic War
On the 22 of June 1941 the Great Patriotic War started. As a result of bombing and the rapid advance of the Nazi troops the property of pharmacy institutions of the western regions was lost, stocks of warehouses of the Kyiv military district, the district warehouse in Lviv, the main health warehouse in Kremenchuh were destroyed. Surviving warehouses were hastily evacuated to the rear, so their work on drug supply to the front was almost stopped.
In autumn and winter of 1941 the evacuation of large enterprises that manufactured medical products started, so the production of medicines was 12 times decreased. The Main Military Medical Administration was forced to revise the inventory of sets of medical assets in the direction of their reduction, to take measures of austerity and rational spending of the reserves in accumulated peacetime.
In the Urals, western Siberia and Central Asia the eastern group of the medical industry companies was created. During 1942—1943 in Western Siberia five chcmical pharmaceutical plants were established, together with the enterprises of Moscow and Leningrad they produced about 300 names of medicines required for the front: to treat the wounded, the sick, to prevent epidemics. On the basis of plants manufacturing medical instruments, which were evacuated from Kyiv and other cities, the specialized plants in Sverdlovsk and Nizhny Tagil in the U rals were established. In order to increase the number of medicines for the front the animal and vegetable fats were replaced from ointments, the consumption of alcohol was reduced when obtaining infusions and extracts, a network of herbal laboratories was constructed (the output of herbal plants for the years of war increased more than 2 times, and ointments and plasters — almost 3 times).
In July, 1942 the Nazi troops occupied Ukraine completely. In late July, 1942 at the Supreme Headquarters the Ukrainian Partisan Headquarters was created. Guerrilla unions of S. Kovpak, O. Fedorov, M. Naumov, O. Saburov acted the most successfully under the leadership of the Headquarters. The enhanced action of guerrillas was synchronized with events on the front. To degrade the onslaught of the N azi troops in the rear of the enemy «rail war» began, distant raids were made by teams from «partisan republics* inaccessible areas of Polesia and Volhynia controlled by guerrillas. Providing medical supplies of guerrilla units the carried out in three directions:
• procurement of wild medicinal plants (roots and rhizomes of valerian, leaves of Convallaria, motherworth, tutsan, birch buds, lime flowers), preparation of infusions and decoctions from them; preparation of solutions of sodium chloride, glucose, novocaine on rainwater previously purified;
• the use of trophy of war seized during the raids;
• centralized air supply of medicines from the mainland.
Assistance to guerrilla groups in organizing medical supplies was provided by pharmacists. For example, a pharmacist G.S. Protasevich remaining behind enemy lines for the organization of the Zhitomir underground, Provided the underground and partisans with medicines, for his courage and heroism he was posthumously awarded by the Order of the Great Patriotic War of the I-st degree.
In 1942 the medical service, which was formerly a part of the quartermaster service, was reassigned to the Main Military Medical Administration of the Red Army.
In the summer of 1943 there was a radical change in the World War II. After the victory at Stalingrad and Kursk, thanks to the opening of the «second front», the heroic labour of rear workers, who created the preponderance in combat equipment, the courage of Soviet soldiers, an offensive of the Red Army on all fronts started.
Medical supplies for the army significantly improved. In 1943 the total production of medicines was 96%, medical instruments and equipment — 100% of the pre-war level, in 1944 the production of medicines was 8% higher than in 1940.
In the autumn of 1943 the Soviet troops liberated Kharkiv, Chernihov, Poltava, Kyiv, in a year the whole territory of Ukraine was cleared of the Nazis. On the night from 8 to 9 May, 1945, the Nazi Germany signed the act of surrender. The Great Patriotic War ended in complete victory of the USSR. After the surrender of Japan in September, 1945 the World War II ended.
The Ukrainian people made a great contribution to the victory over fascism. Among pharmaceutical workers 1932 persons were awarded by orders and medals.
The national economy of Ukraine was completely destroyed, towns and villages, factories and plants were ruined, there were huge human losses among the civilian population and at the front, the pre-war number of population was managed to restore only 20 years after the war.
About 75% of pharmacies, almost all the warehouses and control analytical laboratories were destroyed, the pharmacy service of Ukraine incurred losses amounting to 290 million roubles. Of 9,500 pharmacists who worked in Ukraine before the war, after liberation from the occupants 2100 specialists left (22% of the pre-war number).
Pharmacy in the postwar period
Restoration of the pharmacy network in the territory of Ukraine began immediately after its liberation from the occupants. In the first half of 1943 only 27 pharmacies were restored, in 1944—499 pharmacies (38% of the pre-war number), in 1945—1637 pharmacies (67% of the pre-war number). Pharmacies functioned in all 24 regional centres (in Kyiv — 35, in Kharkiv — 30, in Odessa — 25, in Donetsk — 5, in Lviv — 40) and in 726 district centres.
The return of evacuated enterprises was considered unwise. For restoration of the national economy the state allocated to Ukraine only 7% of the amount of losses caused by the war and occupation. At the request of the Soviet Union the Assistance administration of the UNO allocated $ 250mln to Ukraine. The Ukrainian community of Canada and the United States assisted too, only for children-orphans more than 300 thousand dollars were gathered.
Despite the material and moral problems, the restoration of the pharmacy network in Ukraine continued. In 1945 the state of the restored pharmacies improved: they were equipped with furniture and the necessary equipment and inventory. Pharmacy posts turned to be the most convenient form of public service in the postwar years, their creation did not require large capital investments. In 1945 in Ukraine 1,876 pharmacies, 6000 pharmacy posts, 36 galenic laboratories functioned. Medicines by 38 mln prescriptions were dispensed, 56 tones of medicinal plants were gathered, about 200 tones of herbal medicines were produced.
In order to strengthen the management of pharmacy service, introduction of the centralized distribution of medicines and medical items the Main Boards of Pharmacy (MBPh) were created at the USSR’s Ministry of Health in 1945, and later in the republics instead of Pharmacy inspections.
To meet the needs of the population in sanitation and hygiene products for patient’s care, rubber goods, perfumes, cosmetics it was necessary to produce these goods and to open stores of the corresponding profile. However, in 1945 only two shops selling disinfectants were managed to open in Kyiv and Kharkiv.
In August, 1946 based on the federal statute Verkhovna Rada of the UkrSSR adopted the Law on the five-year plan of reconstruction and development of the economy of the Ukrainian SSR in 1946-1950.
Despite efforts to improve medical care to population there was a great lack in medicines, items for sanitation and hygiene, optical products (glasses, rims of eye-glasses, lenses). In the resolution of the Government of the government of the UkrSSR the work of the MBPh was found to be unsatisfactory.
Creation of the Ministry of Medical Industry of the USSR in 1946 helped to develop the medical industry. On the basis of the Lviv branch of the Institute of Endocrinology and Organotherapy the Lviv Chemical Pharmaceutical plant- was founded, its structure consisted of six workshops of semi-finished products* hormones, biological synthesis, ampoles, tablets, filling and packaging.
The need for pharmaceutical staff was about 5,000 people, so it was? decided to restore the old system of training: training students on the basis of pharmacies where highly qualified specialists with higher education worked. In three years a student became the «assistant pharmacists
The volume of production of medicines and other medical products in 1950 compared to 1940 2.2 times increased. In 1950 in Ukraine there were 2,580 pharmacies, 11,717 pharmacy kiosks. Implementation of medicines in 1951 compared to 1945 reached 200%.
In 1950s pharmacies in rural district centres were reorganized into the central district pharmacies (CDP). In 1950 the USSR’s Ministry of Public Health introduced the following nomenclature of pharmaceutical institutions: pharmacy, pharmacy kiosk, drugstore, central district pharmacy, pharmacy warehouse, control and analytical laboratory.
In November, 1954 the order No. 650 was issued, in which a number of measures aimed at improving the provision of the population and health institutions with medicines, sanitation and hygiene items, medical instruments and equipment. It was planned to increase the production of herbal medicines (tinctures, extracts, teas) from the local raw material. Herbal-packaging laboratories were united into one large laboratory or galenic-filling factory, the production process was mechanized and automated.
In regional centres extemporal medicines were mainly produced in large industrial pharmacies, drugstores were re-organised to the pharmacies of prepared medicines, inter-hospital pharmacies (IHP) were opened for providing inpatients with the necessary medicines. Futher it was supposed to produce medicines commercially by formulations frequently used; to increase the share of manufactured medicines in sales volumes of self-supporting pharmacies, to remove of irrational formulations.
The culture of public service was increased, the term of drug production was shortened, their external appearance (the quality of the packaging material, design) was improved.
In villages where there were no pharmacies, pharmacy posts of the j group were opened at outpatient clinics, feldsher-midwife stations, and at rural district hospitals there were pharmacy posts of the I group.
In July, 1957 the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR’s Council of Ministers adopted a decree «On development of housing construction in the USSR». In the cities new residential areas were created, in residential districts new pharmacies were opened, they were big, equipped with the latest equipment and with a wide range of medicines.
By the mid-60’s the pharmacy network expanded significantly: 1269 new pharmacies were opened. Only in the Poltava region during two years, 11 self- supporting pharmacies were opened, 2 optic shops with repair shops and ophthalmologist’s office, 3 hospital pharmacies, drugstore, pharmacy posts.
Development of pharmacy in the period of «stagnation»
In March-April of 1966 the XXIII-th Congress of the CPSU was held where L.I. Brezhnev was elected as Secretary-General of the CPSU Central Committee.
Since 1966 a gradual turn of enterprises to new methods of planning and economic incentives began.
In 1970 a number of companies working iew way (on the self-supporting basis) increased to 8.2 thousand (80% of the total number). The Eighth Five Year Plan (1966-1970) was the most successful of all Soviet Five Year Plans. The volume of industrial production in Ukraine increased by one and half, moreover 2/3 of the increase in industrial output was due to the growth of labour productivity.
In 1967 prices on medicines were sharply reduced, the pharmacy network was expanded by 45%: in 1968 4,635 pharmacies, including 2,252 rural pharmacies, and about 20,000 pharmacy posts functioned in Ukraine. One pharmacy on average served 9,9 thousand people. Inpatients, patients with cancer, diabetes, children under one year old medicines were dispensed free of charge, invalids of the Second World War and some categories of patients — at a discount (50%-80% of the drug cost). Zoning of the pharmacy network was completed, 60% of CDPs were transferred to the self-supporting basis.
In 1976 for a rapid solution of issues related to the development and strengthening the material technical base of the pharmacy network the Boards of Pharmacy were re-subordinated to the executive committees of regional Soviets of People’s Deputies.
In 1982 about 6 thousand pharmacies, more than 18 thousand phar macy posts, 37 regional and inter-regional warehouses, 4 republican bases, 27 pharmaceutical factories functioned in Ukraine. Annually herbal medicines valued in 18 million roubles were produced at the pharmaceutical fac tories of the Main and Regional Boards of Pharmacy. The level of gatherin of wild medicinal plants reached 2 thousand tons. Medicinal plants wer grown in home gardens of pharmacies, botanical gardens, seeds were sewe in the ravines and forests.
Despite the positive changes in the work of pharmacies the cases of denial of dispensing medicines increased. To improve the awareness of physiciar about the variety of medicines available in pharmacies, the pharmaceutic information rooms were opened at the large polyclinics. People disabled during the Great Patriotic War were assigned to pharmacies in the community, th stock of the necessary medicines (including those that difficult to obtain), an special services were created for them.
The work on establishing of a uniform system of drug supply to in-patients completed due to self-supporting inter-hospital pharmacies (IHP) an hospital pharmacies (HP). In 1982 450 IHP functioned in Ukraine. Childre and geriatric pharmacies, pharmacies of ready-made medicines and medicinal plants (one in four became a specialized pharmacy) were created.
The staff norms for administrative and management, pharmaceutical and auxiliary staff were revised, additional position of pharmacists-technologists was introduced to carry out information work and to control the wo ‘ of pharmacists, as well as the position of a senior pharmacist in the CD to improve the management of the rural pharmacy network.
Most private owners of pharmacies are not pharmacists, and persons who have had an opportunity to open pharmacy to further enrich themselves. In cases where the owner of the pharmacy was not a pharmacist, he hired someone to manage the pharmacy of pharmaceutical education. Only one-third owners of pharmacies since the beginning of the twentieth century were pharmacists.
City pharmacies guided individuals with higher pharmaceutical education had premises and equipment, which are more or less meet the requirements of pharmacy and pharmacist have the right set of students, called “normal.”
The owners of pharmacies, natural does not set out to improve the provision of population medicine. Their efforts were aimed at obtaining maximum profits from trading medicines and other goods.
In September 1909 in Kiev started publishing the magazine “Life pharmacist”, which played in the history of the trade union movement officials, pharmacists, since a significant role.
Normative documents regulating the procedure of opening pharmacies.
New bathroom statute in 1836 to allow the opening of pharmacies everywhere where there is a need for this, any citizen, but could only manage a pharmacy pharmacist. Permission to open a pharmacy published medical department of the MIA. But before that it was necessary to obtain a written response from the owners of nearby pharmacies whether to open a new pharmacy.
In addition, in 1864, was established pharmaceutical company for development of pharmacy and medicine. But, as full members of this society were only pharmaceutical holders pharmacies, they primarily protect their interests and fought against the expansion of the number of pharmacies. This has led to a situation that medical care was extremely poor, and the number of private pharmacies – negligible.
Therefore, in 1873 issued rules to eliminate harmful competition and improve medical care for each pharmacy establish standards for public service and the number of incoming from recipes. Thus, for metropolitan pharmacies – 12 thousand people and 30 thousand prescriptions per year for one pharmacy for provincial cities – 10 thousand people and 15 thousand recipes, etc. For smaller settlements set only the distance between pharmacies – at least 15 miles.
Clearly, drugstore owners resorted to various tricks to hide the real number of incoming from the pharmacy prescriptions (reduced). Therefore, as a result of these rules have been changed and remained the norm residents only, and the distance between rural pharmacies was reduced to 7 miles.
Having received permission to open a pharmacy, an entrepreneur had to exercise their right during the year, and then he lost it. Also forbidden to own or manage the same time an two pharmacies.
Before opening a pharmacy subjected to inspection inspector drug administration to identify and provide sufficient range of medicines, equipment, and equipment, which is necessary for the smooth functioning.
In 1905 adopted a new bathroom Charter, to which it was entitled to the governors to authorize the opening of pharmacies. Open pharmacy allowed any interested person. The owner of the pharmacy could he manage pharmacy or hiring manager, but in this and in the second case, it could be just the person who had the title of pharmacist, aged at least 25 years. The exception to this rule is allowed only with the permission of the Minister of Interior.
Order dispensing drugs from pharmacies.
Medications dispensed by prescription, copies of prescriptions, as well as oral and written demands individuals (non-prescription).
Recipes that have entered the pharmacy remained in storage for three years. Besides the content of each recipe was submitted to the appropriate recipe books indicating the date, month, year and number of prescription, name of patient and doctor, method of application and amount HAVE pharmacy for medicines manufactured.
At the request of the patient or doctor pharmacy was obliged to give a copy of the recipe, which she kept after manufacture drugs, but a repeat dispensing prescription medicines copies held only when a member of the medicine were potent or poisonous substances.
Pharmacy was to have a list of doctors who resolved medical practice. The first medical list or calendar was compiled in 1807. MIA invited to pharmacies lists physicians, prescription drugs are dispensed and found that the capital engaged in medical practice many people who had no medical training (there were about 200 doctors and 380 discharged recipes).
According Aptekarskii Charter in 1836 without prescriptions allowed to release only drugs that did not belong to the group of toxic and potent.
Poisonous medicines allowed to release without prescription artists, artisans, workers in factories, as a lot of this kind of find use in the manufacture of paints, as well as in other industries.
The pharmacy is not permitted the sale of alcoholic beverages, as well as “any kind of covert medication”, except approved Medical Council, in which case the composition of the “secret tool” pharmacy must keep secret until the expiration pryvilehiyyu. According Aptekarskii Charter in 1836 to prepare medicines in the pharmacy had the right holder or pharmacy manager. In the case of their absence – assistant pharmacist. Pharmacy functioned round day, because at night it always had to be a pharmacist.
In 1837 in order to regulate dispensing drugs from pharmacies was issued on the distinction of external medicines from internal. The order was required to external medication, regardless of designation method Doctors had signature yellow color and that, in general, all signatures are not tied, and prykleyuvalysya to packaging. This was due to the fact that cases of poisoning, when instead of taking medicine solution for outdoor use.
Resolution and application to pharmacy Charter constantly renewed. Legislative activity in the pharmaceutical industry engaged experts who had no pharmaceutical education, mainly doctors and lawyers. Only in 1830, when the Medical Council introduced two posts of deputies from pharmaceutical tovaryvstva.
History of chemical and pharmaceutical industry
In 1918 signed a decree on the nationalization of pharmacies. Prior to July 1920 all pharmacies in Ukraine were nationalized, passed into the hands of the state.
At the end of 1923 was created Ukrderzhmedtorh, who took leadership hubmedtorhamy and trade of medicines. The same 1923 Ukrderzhmedtorh was renamed in Ukrmedtorh.
At the end of the nineteenth – early twentieth century emerging chemical-pharmaceutical industry in Galicia. The volume of laboratory works in Galician pharmacies great extent zbilshyvsya i konkretyzuvavsya in Nineteenth Century through the development of industrial relations in Galicia, which demanded considerable number of chemical substances for technological processes of various industries.
In 1916 was published the brochure “structure is chemical-pharmaceutical factory” that contributed unifikatsiyi technological processes already existing i generated the enterprise.
In Kharkov Polytechnic Institute in under the leadership of Alexander I. Hunder produced chloroethyl, ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride, in the University under the leadership of KA Krasuskoho i Pyschymuka – salitsylaty c to Kharkov medical society will – i fityn lecithin. At the end of 1916 these combined production of chemical-pharmaceutical institute.
In Crimea, near Saki Lake in 1916 built factory brombenzolu, which first started getting bromine. In Odessa was created chloroform plant.
Needs of the population in likah zadovilnyalas only 11%. The work started in refineries Kyyivi, Kharkov, Odessa, Lubny. In 1925 put into operation Kyiv chemical-pharmaceutical factory, Nat. M.Lomosonosova – the first enterprise to produce synthetic pharmaceuticals, established in the Ukraine – chloroform, salitsylovu acid, sodium salitsylat.
Prodovdzhuvalo develop galenic production aptekoupravlinnyah – 28 factories. In 1931, a new himfarmzavod “Red Zirka”
In 1957 in the Ministry of Health was established management pharmaceuticals i medical technique. In 1967 he was created Ministry medical industries. Growth products medical industry grew by an average of 47% (10% – WORLD). In 1985 he was the abolishment of the Ministry medical industries. On the basis of the Ministry of General Administration i microbiological industries established the Ministry of health i microbiological industries.
First zdiysnyuvalo issue of medicinal preparations, the second release proteins, feed additives, products for animal husbandry. When obye’yednanni two ministries producing ready pharmaceuticals was pushed into the background. Thus, investment in chemical-pharmaceutical industry accounted for 40%, and microbiological – 60%.
Vidstavannya in the field of likiv been significant in former Soviet Union. In the disposal of health was a little more than three thousand pharmaceuticals, the Patriotic industry was – 40%, imports from the countries of the economic Mutual Assistance (CMEA) – 40%, 10% – produced farmfabryky and pharmacies near 10% – Persistent deficit. For comparison, the market medykamentiv U.S. at that time was represented by 19,000 preparations, Japan – 15093, Switzerland – 9359. Germany – 8930, Ispaniyi – 5830, France – 5255, Italy – 5200.
In 1991 he created concern “Ukrmedbioprom.” In 1993, on its basis – the State Committee for medical and microbiological industry in 1998 – uviyshrv Committee of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. Now for the manufacture of medicinal preparations in Ukraine corresponds to the Civil Service likarskyyi drugs and medical devices. Today the production of medicinal preparations involved in Government, Corporate i pryvatyzrvani enterprise.
By state enterprises belong “Lvivdialik” Odessa industrial chemical-pharmaceutical enterprise, Odessa enterprise producing bakteriynyh preparations, Experiments plant State Scientific Center of the pharmaceuticals, “Health of the people” and insh.
By privatized enterprises belong: FF “Darnitsa”, JSC Farmak “, JSC” Galichfarm “, JSC” Kievmedpreparat “, JSC” Lubnypharm “FF” Health “and insh.
Pharmaceutical Firm “Darnitsa” was created in 1954 In 1994 FF “Darnitsa” was purchased by the workforce. Adopted a program of restructuring that missed changes in almost all functional areas of firm activity. Since 1994, work began to bring the firm activities in conformity with the conditions of good manufacturing practice (GMP). In 1995 the department was created soft medicinal forms. Implemented validation of manufacturing processes that allow to control not only the intermediate products, but also the process of production. Zrobleni IMPORTANT steps recruiters political image. Conducts regular atestatsiyi, a system of permanent training spirobitnykiv that klyuchaye seminars, trainings, instruktazhi. Full product range includes more than 90 titles.
Pharmaceutical firm “Darnitsa”
In 1999, sales volume of medicinal preparations for the World Pharmaceutical Market zbilshyvsya at 10,7% i reached 332.2 billion dollars. The share of the 10 large HOT LINKS accounted 79% of total sales obyiyemu: USA – 130.1 billion. (39 world market), Japan – 53.% Billion (16%), Germany – 18.5 (5%), France – 17, 8 (5%), Italy – 11 (3%), England – 11 ( 3%), Spain – 6.6, Braziliya – 6.3 China – 6.2 billion (2%), Canada – 5.5. Total: 266 800 000 000
The development of the pharmaceutical industry in Galicia promoted pragmatic foreigners. It should be noted Bohemian entrepreneur Peter Mikolyasha, which opened in Lviv pharmacy “under the stars”. (Figure)
At the first stage of its existence, thanks to skilful leadership, diligence, integrity and hard work of the owner, the pharmacy was solid now and has gained the reputation in customers. Originally manufactured drugs of chemical raw materials purchased in Vienna.
In 1852, when the pharmacy was established chemical and pharmaceutical laboratory, which produced, in addition to medications, salicylic water for rinsing the mouth, mint dust, and a lot of meat powder, coffee health, carbonated water, etc. . (Figure)
In the laboratory, equipped with modern equipment, highly skilled work, allowing early as ’50 XIX century. start production of medicines in large quantities and develop the market. Consumers of becoming provincial pharmacies, hospitals, military hospytaly and the population of the entire region. P. Mikolyasha supported partner contacts with well-known European companies “Merknuv”, “Bayer”, “Knoll”, “La Roche” and others enjoyed their investments and receive trade discounts on imports. By the middle of the XIX century. Pharmacy P. Mikolyasha became the largest pharmaceutical institution in Galicia. Only in early 1900 G. Mikolyasha managed to overcome all obstacles and open a pharmaceutical company, which was named after the founder of “P. Mikolyasha and co. “In 1910, launched the pharmaceutical factory, which is symbolically called” Laocoon, “in honor of the mythical Greek priest Laocoon.
In 1921, the factory came out of the jurisdiction of the company “P. Mikolyasha and Co., “and in 1923 became an independent joint stock company, whose capital was 115 thousand zlotys. Factory “Laocoon” (Fig.) consisted of the following sections: organic, herbal, proprietary drugs, herbs and chemicals. In the period of highest productivity enterprises (1931-1938 years), the factory employed 100-137 workers and 20-37 specialists sluzhbovtsiv.U 1939 factory “Laocoon” was patent and prepared everything for the production of insulin. Develop mass production of scarce drug war prevented.
In 1949, the first major changes in the structure of production: liquidated endocrine-hormonal, pharmaceutical plant and plant biological synthesis, and instead open shop synthetic and pharmaceutical preparativ.U 1949 blowing shop housed in a former Repaired vivarium. This enabled us to complete the production cycle of injection solutions in vials.
Since 1957 Lviv himfarmzavoda passed to the control of the fuel industry Lviv sovnarhoza. Although the reorganization was a lot of positive, but were quite frequent breakdowns, blatant disregard of reasonable orders. General reconstruction of the plant in the 70-ies of XX century. completed phase of its development as a modern highly-specialized powerful pharmaceutical company, which linked the future functioning in Lviv production association “Lvivfarm” (1986), on which in 1993 established joint-stock company “Galichfarm.” ( fig.) (Figure)
History of Medicine and Pharmacy Ukraine 20.
In 1881 in Kiev come “southern Pharmaceutical Society of trade in goods” (Russian abbreviation “YUROTAT” – from “Yuzhnorusskoe society Apothecary trade goods”), which had six in 1913 on their own shops. Society had incorporates its own production laboratory, which later turned into a factory (now – Kyiv plant medicines). (Fig.), (ry.s).
On the eve of the First World War, 468 000 Kiev, if necessary, to seek drugs to services 43 pharmacies, 146 pharmacy stores, chemist and perfume shops. There were several “Southwestern Union pharmacists”, “Kiev Pharmaceutical Society of Mutual Aid” and “Kiev Society for pharmacists.” In 1912-1913 he published weekly in Kiev “All-Russian farmatsevtycheskyy Journal”
In Ukraine in 1911 was only 873 pharmacies (530 rural and 343 urban). In 1913. number of pharmacies amounted to 1067 (714 rural and 353 urban). In September 1909 in Kiev started publishing the magazine “Life pharmacist”, which played in the history of the trade union movement officials, pharmacists, since a significant role.
History of Pharmacy after the revolution
In 1918 signed a decree on the nationalization of pharmacies. Prior to July 1920 all pharmacies in Ukraine were nationalized, passed into the hands of the state. As a result of the civil war, many pharmacies were destroyed or completely eliminated. On January 1, 1920 in Ukraine was only 660 pharmacies in the period of nationalization of pharmacies that reduced their number, and in 1924 in Ukraine operated only 591 pharmacies.
At the end of 1923 was created Ukrderzhmedtorh, who took leadership hubmedtorhamy and trade of medicines. The same 1923 Ukrderzhmedtorh was renamed in Ukrmedtorh. In 1924 the district began created aptekoupravlinnya (instead of provincial medtorhiv). In 1925 aptekoupravlin ordering of activities. The structure aptekoupravlin included all public pharmacies, shops sanitation and hygiene, pharmacy stores, chemical and pharmaceutical laboratories and other state pharmacies that release medicines and medical assets for a fee and are vidani relevant Inspectorate of medicine “. Each aptekoupravlinnya was the only enterprise, and individual pharmacies and pharmacies that were part of it, were an integral part.
In 1925 in Ukraine there are sanitary and epidemiological station, took control of environmental, labor, education and prevention of infectious diseases. In 1932 in Ukraine are the first medical and sanitary parts, began to provide assistance to employees of enterprises for production principle.
By 1949 there was created. three-tier system of zdorovoohorony that included district – district, city and regional hospitals.
During the period from 1929 to 1937, pharmacy network Ukrayinhy increased by 637 pharmacies (without Western Ukraine). Number drugstore and shops sanitation and hygiene has increased more than 2.6 times. In 1939 in Western Ukraine were 379 pharmacies. (Figure)
During the war in Ukraine was ruined and destroyed 1,807 pharmacies, representing 75% of the pre-war number, 5360 pharmacy items, almost all halenovofasuvalni and control and analytical laboratories. At the time of liberation of Ukraine nalichuvalys 612 pharmacies, many of which were dilapidated and did not have any stocks of medicines. Not vystarchalo pharmaceutical personnel. Survived only 136 pharmacists and assistant pharmacists of the total, which was late in 1940 (in 1940 in the pharmacy network employed 20,751 people, including 172 pharmacists and assistant pharmacists 4179). In June of 1944, was restored activity of regional aptekoupravlin. In 1948 the chain pharmacies have beeot only completely vidbudovala but exceeded the level of 1940. During the period from 1949 to 1963 pharmacy chain Ukraine by 1314 pharmacies, including in cities – to 954 in rural areas – to 360. At the beginning of 1990 – 6500 pharmacies. (Figure)
During the Soviet pharmaceutical education has beeeglected. There were only six pharmaceutical universities. Basically training of pharmacists performed on pharmaceutical faculties of medical institutes. Financial support pharmaceutical faculty was very bad, because the main focus was on training doctors. Requirements entire industry experts satisfied with just one specialty.
In the pharmacy, the pharmaceutical company, the hospital experts worked with the same preparation.
There were certain training centers pharmacists, resulting in uneven distribution of labor resources. In some regions, the number of pharmacists significantly exceed the needs of the industry in other – not enough even medium pharmaceutical personnel.
Congress pharmacists have always been driven meeting industry professionals to discuss the current problems and traffic industry forward. Traditionally, pharmacists forums were held at the universities – centers of pharmaceutical education and research. Were different problems, different – problems different – achieving industry. Today, on the eve of the VII National Congress of Pharmacists of Ukraine wants to go back a few decades back and recall the story – the story of our lives, our history teacher, history of our congresses.
And Congress pharmacists Ukraine held 3-5 April 1963 in Kharkiv at the Kiev-sky Pharmaceutical Institute. The congress was marked by the opening of a large number of new pharmacies and pharmacy points in recent years, the improvement of the population with medicines and medical devices, increasing the number of members of the Scientific Pharmaceutical Society, which increased the quality of training of the pharmaceutical industry by organizing seminars for pharmacists and pharmacists. It introduced a scientific and practical circles at pharmacies, research and practical konferentsiy.Delehatamy Congress approved renovation publishing “Pharmaceutical Journal,” which was a major release for publication of research scientific and practical pharmacy in Ukraine. Noted considerable work on certification of pharmacists that only began to develop in the years that has become an essential step in improving their skills.
Despite significant advances in the pharmaceutical industry remained significant drawbacks. First, the expansion of pharmacy chains significantly lagged behind the development of health care settings and could not adequately provide for the needs of the population in the pharmaceuticals and medical products. Most institutions pharmacy network, especially in rural areas did not meet the requirements of the time. Unfortunately, little attention is drawn to the study population ieed of medicines, which appear insufficient range in pharmacies. It has been observed lack of qualified scientific and pharmaceutical personnel in pharmaceutical institutes and departments, inadequate implementation of theoretical knowledge and skills in the practice of pharmacy schools.
Congress resolutions should be noted the decision to intensive development of pharmaceutical science and practice, Organization Science departments of pharmaceutical companies to optimize care pharmacy and medical institutions, and increased attention on the study of the organization and economics of pharmacy business, technology, medical forms, etc.; focusing research Chemists in creating drugs to treat cancer, cardiovascular disease and others.
II Congress of Pharmacists of Ukraine took place May 30 – June 1, 1972 in Lviv. Was organized pharmacy department at Lviv State Medical Institute. The reports of the delegates noted that the pharmacies and medical institutions expanded and improved. Pharmaceutical Institute and Department developed and implemented in industrial production herbal medicinal and synthetic origin. Improved production of medicines in pharmacies and pharmaceutical companies. Developed manufacturing regulations for some extracts, solutions, ointments, tablets, and more. Noted some achievements in the production of injection solutions proposed sterilization. Realized and some progress on the analysis of drugs. Widely used new physico-chemical methods of analysis.
Issues raised at this congress disastrous unused lack pharmacists lack motyvovanist youth to science in pharmaceutical institutes and faculties. Achieving scientists slowed implemented in practical pharmacy. Too few scientific and technical literature, insufficient equipment control and analytical laboratories, pharmacies, pharmaceutical institutes and faculties leads to slight gains in practical pharmacy. It is noted that the preparation of highly qualified impossible when training 4.5 years.
As a result of these decisions were taken: the need for intensive development of pharmaceutical science in areas – the organization and economics of pharmacy technology formulations and herbal medicines, the synthesis of new farmakolohichnoaktyvnyh substance and pharmaceutical analysis, the study of medicinal flora, increase quality and improve the training of pharmaceutical personnel, conduct scientific conferences to enhance professional development for pharmacy services and providing people with drugs and medical supplies.
III Congress of Pharmacists of Ukraine took place in 1979 in Kharkiv. Its doors to delegates again hospitably opened Kharkov Pharmaceutical Institute. At this congress were reviewed achievements of pharmaceutical science in Ukraine in recent years, the preparation of highly qualified personnel, the efficiency of pharmacy services, question postgraduate training pharmacy. The development of new drugs, much attention was paid to influence major biopharmaceutical factors such as physical-chemical properties, the degree of dispersion, the processes of absorption and biotransformation of drugs in the body. Through the efforts of Ukrainian scientists created a series of original drugs purposeful action. For the first time much attention was paid to the improvement and development of new physical and chemical methods of analysis (UV, IR spectroscopy, chromatography, polarography, the use of ion-selective electron) for quality control in pharmaceutical, analytical and toxicological chemistry. The vast number of developed analysis methods and their combination have been implemented in practice pharmacy and control and analytical laboratories.
At the IV Congress of Pharmacists of Ukraine, held 23-25 October 1984 in Zaporizhia was stated role of a scientific society of pharmacists in pharmacy research and implemented in practice, the observed large contribution of scientists of Ukraine on the development and industrial production of new drugs. Noted improvement equipment logistics kontrolnoanalitychnyh pharmacies and laboratories, pharmaceutical laboratories, institutes and faculties. But still preparing pharmaceutical personnel requires improvement, needs further training of specialists both in Ukraine and abroad. Necessity of improving interconnection ‘connection doctor – patient – pharmacist (pharmacist). Noted increased attention to academics pharmacognostical study of medicinal plants and herbal remedies and create new forms. A number of new drugs in various stages of development and implementation in manufacturing. Emphasized the importance of organizational and economic studies, their social value. Published guidelines, instructions and information sheets for pharmaceutical workers. Invaluable significance of the Scientific Society of Pharmacists in fulfilling state plans pharmacy network development, science and its practical significance.
A major problem periodu1981-1985 is the search for new drugs to improve their technology and production. Marked increase effectiveness research, quality and culture of pharmaceutical services. Achieved a significant increase in revenue money to pharmacies established republican and regional schools of excellence. The development and implemented a comprehensive quality management system of medical support and flawless work in pharmacies.
Since gaining independence Ukraine has a number of questions to establish their own regulations in the field of pharmacy. Experts enthusiastically began to work, resulting again demonstrated its leadership position among other countries. The first among the CIS countries we have established strict quality control system drugs, led by the State Inspectorate, we are proud browse the pages of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, harmonized with the EU, our manufacturers are not inferior to the leading pharmaceutical manufacturers in the world, for training in Ukrainian universities get students and teachers from around the world.
After 14-year hiatus during the development of the pharmaceutical industry independent state of Ukraine on creative rise 6-10 September 1999 in Kharkiv was conducted regular pharmacists V Congress of Ukraine, which since then has acquired the status of national measures.
During the congress mentioned qualitative changes pharmaceutical industry. Despite the crisis in pharmacy, managed to revive and stabilize economic indicators. The organizers of the rally were the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Pharmaceutical Association of Ukraine, State Joint Stock Company “Medicine of Ukraine” and the Ukrainian Pharmaceutical Academy. Introduced national health programs and solving problems at the national level medical support population growth in prestige and importance of Ukraine in the international arena.
For the first time an independent Ukraine was established concept of the pharmaceutical industry, which has a guide to specialists over the next 5 years. It is for this congress started tradition of “library specialist.” First published book “Drugs Ukraine” in 3 volumes, “History of Pharmacy Ukraine” photo album “Kharkiv Pharmaceutical” Handbook extemporal recipes. Presentation of the first edition of the handbook “COMPENDIUM.” The forum was attended by 2500 delegates and guests.
We hereby present evidence and public recognition of employees to all employees of the branch was announced presidential decree establishing our professional holiday – Day of pharmaceutical worker. After the congress delegates hurried to the Day of pharmaceutical worker in their regions. UKRF acquired the status of national universities.
VI National Congress of Pharmacists of Ukraine was held on 28 – 30 September 2005 in Kharkiv. A landmark is that it took place during the 200-year anniversary of our flagship Pharmaceutical Education – National University of Pharmacy. That is why our school again took the lead in organizing the forum pharmacists in our country. On the podium in turn heard reports of leading scientists, public figures and representatives identified six components of the pharmaceutical industry – education, science, manufacturing, quality control, retail and wholesale pharmacy network information field. Numerous satellite symposia and scientific conferences welcomed 1,000 delegates. Again program documents – updated concept of the pharmaceutical industry, started work on the codes of ethics of pharmacists, concerns the basic law of pharmacists – Law on drugs. New exclusive edition prepared by scientists. Presentation of the first edition of “Pharmaceutical encyclopedia.” Until Congress issued the second edition of “Medications Ukraine” owner “From substance to the drug”, “Pharmacy in Ukraine from Congress to Congress.”
Were presented state awards to the best workers industry. Creating a network of pharmaceutical faculties and the results of their work appear in the directory “Pharmaceutical Faculty of Ukraine.”
VI Congress of the Prize that all pharmaceutical community was the introduction of the title “Honored Worker of Pharmacy.” Act was adopted by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and signed by the President of Ukraine before Congress. Over the years, nearly 20 experts pharmaceutical industry received the highest professional award from the President.
Today we are again preparing for our family holiday – VII National Congress of Pharmacists, which will be held 15-17 September 2010 in Kharkiv at the National University of Pharmacy. We want to make it to mention remained for many years. At the VII National Congress planned adoption of the Concept of the pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine, the Code of Ethics of Pharmacists, prospects of development of pharmaceutical education. Delegates and guests prepare new exclusive professional edition, surprises. Will present outstanding scholars, representatives of pharmaceutical associations countries near and far abroad, which demonstrate the high level of our industry.
