Material for preparation for the practical lessoumber 2

Post 3. Medical, biological and psychological protection. (3hours.)

·       Fundamentals of planning and use of medical capabilities in case of emergencies. The organization of learning the basic rules of protection of the population and skills in first aid. The use of prophylactic medication, the necessary hygiene and other activities.

·       Characteristics of cell biological damage. The concept of quarantine and observation. Emergency Measures and specific prevention. Preventive treatment.

·       Planning activities, capabilities divisions psychological support. Timely application psihoprofilakticheskoy methods. Use of modern technologies of psychological impact to neutralize the negative impact on the population under conditions of NA.

·  Personal protection, classification. Respiratory, classification. Features respiratory protection in children. Skin care. Means of health protection classification. The application.

 

EVENT PLANNING HEALTH OF THE POPULATION IN THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.

Analysis eliminate health consequences of large-scale emergency situations of natural and man-made disasters, and mapping of ongoing and planned activities in advance shows that the dynamics of the damaging effects of environmental factors and population after the accident and health consequences of real disaster may differ from forecasted.

Effective planning of health of the population in terms of PSD possible depth knowledge of the institution, region, knowledge of legal requirements, regulations and policy documents on the organization of the sanitary conditions of the population by the National Assembly.

Planning of health of the population in conditions of NA by both the state and the territorial levels.

The main objective planning of health of the population in the National Assembly are:              

– Analysis of the actual state of all parts of the health system administrative area and their readiness to function under conditions of NA: status and level of training of medical personnel and the possibility of its involvement in the work area of the accident and during medical evacuation lizhkofondu state hospitals and the possibility of redesigning and deploying additional lizhkofondu, the state procurement of medical institutions, established on the basis of their mobile medical units, availability of reserves, sanitation, health and special property in case of NS, the presence and state of health and support vehicles and other modes of transport for DSMK deployment and evacuation of affected population and health services, state of rapid communication and the ability of modern communication equipment units DSMK etc.;

–          estimates of possible losses of health in the population, the failure of hospitals and medical staff at the National Assembly;

–          calculation of the required number of medical units, medical personnel, additional lizhkofondu, inventory, sanitation, health and special property, transport and other logistical means to eliminate the health effects of NA;

–          by comparing the capacity of health care needs and determine the number of calculated forces, medical personnel, logistical facilities, sanitation, health and special property should be involved in DSMK in NA from other departments, enterprises of different ownership, public organizations. Due to the existing legal framework of market relations, involving inputs of entities of all forms of ownership requires prior approval of the owner, issues of funding and procurement;

–          planning accumulation and support preparedness operational reserve forces and institutions DSMK;

–          training and planning groups to participate in the elimination of the health effects of NA and their certification and licensing.

Organization planning of health of the population in the National Assembly.

The basis for the development of the “Plan of health of the population in the National Assembly” is the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and approved by this order job scheduling. As the lessons learned out of this order must be preceded by the text of task experts MOH of Ukraine governing body of the health administrative areas.

The task is normative document defines minimum requirements binding in the planning, namely:

– Forecast Medical tactical situation within the administrative territory;

– The main problems of health of the population, resulting from conditions predicted for possible NA;

– The composition (structure) and the number of generated medical units DSMK state level and minimum size and composition of groups DSMK regional level;

– The number and profile of beds in medical institutions (hospitals), intended for the reception of patients affected and in the aftermath of the National Assembly referred to DSMK state level and the minimum number of beds and profile of PSI intended for the reception of patients affected and in the aftermath of the National Assembly, referred to DSMK regional level;

– Terms of bringing in the readiness of medical units and bed network to receive and affected patients;

– Order medical supplies, health and economic and form a special property-emyh medical units and beds in the PSI Receives infected and sick;

– Order logistical and transportation support groups and institutions DSMK;

– The composition, terms of bringing them in commitment and purpose capabilities that are allocated in the order of interaction between different agencies, private enterprises and civil society organizations involved in the elimination of health effects;

– Location of control points elimination of health effects of NA and procedures for submitting messages.

Development and justification of the “Plan of the sanitary maintenance of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, oblasts, cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol in the National Assembly” according to their functional responsibilities vested in the territorial center of emergency medical care in accordance with the ARC, the cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol. After receiving the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and tasks for planning territorial center emergency medical assistance (on behalf of the governing body of the health administrative area) prepares the orders of public health administrative area for the organization, planning and agree chews with medical facilities DSMK all departments and ownership projects these tasks Zack frets to organize their planning of health conditions of the population by the National Assembly. In order to organize planning of health of the population in the National Assembly is determined by the composition of the development team, the timing of development planning documents, procedure for approval and submission for approval, the timing of peer review reality Dep-tsovanoho plan and make it appropriate adjustments. Order approves the task DSMK institutions for planning of medical and sanitary conditions of the population by the National Assembly.

Target institutions DSMK define:

–          composition (profile) and the number of generated medical units DSMK state and regional levels;

–          number and profile of beds designated for the reception of patients affected and in the aftermath of the National Assembly referred to DSMK national and regional level;

–          terms of alerting medical units for their time in the area of the National Assembly and to receive additional lizhkofondu infected and sick;

–          order of medical supplies, health and economic and formed a special property-ryuvanyh medical units and beds in the PSI Receives infected and sick;

–          order of logistical and transportation support groups and institutions DSMK;

–          composition, in terms of bringing the readiness capabilities of various departments, private companies and public organizations that are allocated in the order of interaction in order to eliminate the institution DSMK health effects of NA;

–          location points PSI DSMK evacuation, evacuation routes and logistical and transportation support evacuation.

The development objectives of institutions DSMK made ​​the relevant calculations and determined the number and profile formations and additional lizhkofondu DSMK territorial level but dependent on the health of losses projected for possible anthropogenic and natural char-ture within their specifications. Typically, all forming and additional lizhkofond DSMK of state-level administrative area defined for the task MoH Ukraine, part of the formations and lizhkofondu territorial level. When planning the operative provisions are typical report card recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, who corrected and approved zhuyutsya-body health administration area with local (territorial features and departmental health care for creation and training capabilities Disaster Medicine Service; administrative and geographical, socio-economic, climatic and other features of the area, the presence and characteristics of local resources that are used to equip units and institutions of disaster medicine, etc.).

For the purpose of common understanding and consistency of designings measures of health of the population planning documents are processed, shall meet the following requirements:

– With contemporary views on the organization and tactics of emergency medicine services, technology implementation measures in medical evacuation, sanitation and preventive maintenance of the population in the National Assembly;

– Reproduce the actual position of the capabilities of government DSMK territorial level, including and subordination;

– Do not include unnecessary and inappropriate planning goals of health provision of information;

– Be accessible to understanding and analysis without additional payment, easy to use, reliable processed using the official source of data.

The plan should take shape in 3 copies are stored: the first instance – in government health administrative area, the second – in the territorial center of emergency medicine and the third – in the state (regional) center emergency medicine. Benign allows a plan in everyday conditions consider and prepare the necessary staff, save and hold in readiness for use in the PSD provisions of hygiene, medical and special property contributes to the efficient use of all the features of the administrative territory Deal deciding on the need for assistance from the state level and reserves DSMK.

Plans of health of the population in extreme situations at the state level Ministry of Health of Ukraine developed previously considered by the Central Coordination Committee and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

Pattern of health of populations in emergencies services at the territorial level developed by the Ministry of Health of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regional health administrations, Kyiv and Sevastopol state administrations are considered regional coordinating committees Service and approved by the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, regional, Kyiv and Sevastopol city state administrations.

Pattern of health of the population of the administrative area (the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, oblasts, cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol) under the PSD reflects the content and scope of measures to minimize and eliminate health consequences predicted in NA across the area, some cities and counties and is the starting document to determine funding needs, medical supplies, logistics and transportation support planned activities.

 

 

 

STRUCTURE PLAN AND CONTENTS.

Planning of measures for medical care in emergencies conducted on five levels.

Plans are developed by specialists tier medical institutions, in line with the Department of Health and approved by the subordination healthcare managers.

The second and third levels. Plans Administrative Region, cities not divided into districts and district division developed by the Department of Health, consistent with the higher authorities and approved by the executive or administrative area of the city.

Plans fourth level consisting Health of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, public health regional state administrations, Kyiv and Sevastopol state administrations shall be considered at a meeting of the Local Coordinating Committee and approved by the relevant executive authority.

The plan developed by the fifth level MoH Ukraine agreed at a meeting of the Central Coordination Committee and approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in coordination with the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Plans for medical support in the National Assembly should include the following major sections:

Section 1. Brief description of the capabilities of health care (facility administrative region).

Section 2. Forecast health situation in the area of medical care in case of emergencies.

Section 3. Measures to eliminate health consequences PSD.

3.1. Of medical intelligence.

3.2. Of medical evacuation.

3.3. Organization of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures.

3.4. Organizing logistics.

Section 4. Organization management, communication and notification in case of emergencies.

Applications.

The first section of the plan describes the medical institutions in the respective administrative territory, the number of physicians (total and individual specialties), the number of nursing staff and the structure of its specialization, the total number of hospital beds and specialization.

A separate unit describes the capabilities and forces that are included in DSMK central and regional levels, opportunities deploy additional hospital beds, its specialization and pereprofilizatsiya depending on the health situation.

The second section is devoted to prediction plan of health conditions that may occur as the most likely for a given administrative area of natural disasters and man-made. It should include a retrospective analysis of the natural and man-made disasters that occur in a given administrative area and their health consequences for potentially dangerous objects that can cause a sharp deterioration in the sanitary-epidemiological situation, the definition of damaging factors, physiographic features and etc. One of the main attractions in this section shall sit prediction of health consequences of possible accidents with the calculation of the size and structure of sanitary losses among the population. Separately determined to get inside the cell Disaster hospitals and predicts possible outcomes. Detailed calculations in this section can make in addition to the plan.

The third section shows the plan: who, what and where conducted by medical intelligence (such as sanitary and epidemiological) catastrophes, where the information is transmitted and how often is made ​​to replenish equipment intelligence groups with the designation of the protection of their personnel from damaging factors acting in catastrophes.Determine the organization and conduct of security personnel of medical institutions and groups that fall into the center of the natural and man-made disasters.

The last section is devoted to the management plan for the health system corresponding level in the NA of communication and notification of disaster and emergency.

Management includes information gathering, analysis and evaluation, management decision making, planning and organization of its implementation (bringing to artists, organizing the interaction of operational management, monitoring of tasks obtaining feedback for future decisions).

During the daily commitment of sustainability management organization communication and notification, the organization of training for DSMK, accounting capabilities to eliminate the health consequences of disasters and determine their use depending on the situation rests with the centers of emergency medical care and disaster medicine.

The coordination of individual units DSMK organize coordination commission depending on the level. They should have their own agendas.

In developing the plan m / s of the population in NA stands Cartographic part explanatory note and a map of m / s to ensure all tasks MZ and each of the most likely emergencies.

Typically, this map Scale 1:200 000. The map applied:

–               administration of the territory and the name of the administrative territories adjacent thereto;

–               names of cities (towns) areas, the most important deployment of potentially dangerous objects Economics (NPP chemically hazardous facilities, gas pipelines, etc.);

–               major road, rail, waterways, indicating their adopted numbering nodal station, wharf;

–               area of ​​possible contamination resulting from accidents at radiation, biologically and chemically hazardous objects;

– Areas of possible flooding, mudslides influence, etc.;

– Seismically dangerous zones indicating the final year of their activity, its capacity;

–               availability of natural focal infections, indicating the last date of registration in the incidence of infection and disease;

–               deployment of health care in the cities and districts of the territory showing their bed capacity, including wrong that pereprofilyuyetsya for admission and patients affected with NS;

–               dislocation is created forces emergency medicine services in cities and regions, including subordination;

–               deployment facilities of Sanitary Inspection, service levels, and other pharmacy, etc.;

–               deployment of command and control emergency medicine service, availability and brand of radio or other forms of communication.

In a memorandum shown:

–               conclusions projected medical and tactical situation, possible loss of health of the population, their structure, failure of hospitals, medical personnel losses, the impact of the effects of NA on the organization of health of the population;

–               brief description of, and healthcare and territorial subordination, which is the basis of the formation of emergency medicine services. Dislocation bodies and health, including subordination;

–               task DSMK territorial level with the projected situation and existing opportunities to create its capabilities;

–               forces (formation, institutions, departments) DSMK of regional health authorities, departmental subordination of private and public ownership of deadlines to bring them in readiness to work with the National Assembly;

–               organization established supply units and hospitals (bed net) medical, health and economic and special activities, blood and its preparations;

–               organization of transport units and establishments DSMK, according to the ongoing service activities;

–               Organization for Disaster Medicine Service personnel from exposure to damaging factors in emergency situations. When planning (based on projected medical and tactical situation) evacuation medical institutions worked through the calculation of transport to evacuate;

–               organization of logistics, food service units and facilities DSMK liquidation health effects of NA (including the order of service of transport of fuels and lubricants, food and water, communications, proprietary and other property);

–               organization and content of the measures with the introduction of high alert mode and an emergency with the projected medical and tactical situation and the characteristics of the territorial and departmental health:

a) general measures;

b) depending on the types of activities projected emergencies (natural and manmade) for the area;

Calculate your needs capabilities DSMK conducted for all relevant tasks of the National Assembly and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine in addition – to the projected potential of natural and technogenic catastrophes aqueous nature of the cities and areas including the possible loss of one major ca-each catastrophe: an earthquake, flood, accident at the facility, which has SDYAV; accident on the radio-tion-hazardous facilities, etc. The main criterion for determining the needs of the service capabilities of medicine of catastrophes and interacting units in these calculations shall amount of possible health disaster losses and output from the system of health care, taking into account the most optimal timing of medical care during medical evacuation;

–               the interaction territorial emergency medicine service with governments, institutions and formations of Health subordination, which operate within the administrative area of civil defense forces. This is determined by the order of the mutual provision of adequate capability to deal with certain problems from the medical care of the population in emergency situations. The forces that stand in the order of interaction must be fully staffed and equipped property in accordance with the table of equipment. When planning the allocation of appropriate capability is determined by their destination and dates of availability, arrival at destination;

–               organization management capabilities DSMK showing controls, timing alert and bring them in readiness, the order of presentation of messages. Pattern of health of the population in emergency signed by the Centre for Disaster Medicine, agrees with interested governments agencies involved in rescue, is considered at a meeting of the Coordinating Committee of the administrative area and approved by the head of the governing body health administrative areas.

Medical PPE

Health protection of the population is part of a complex medical activities of civil defense. It aims to predict on the basis of the hazards to human health to prevent or reduce an impressive impact on them of ionizing radiation, toxic substances and bacterial products through special preventive measures on the use of medicinal remedies, as well as organizing health and Health and anti-epidemic measures.

The use of medical remedies can reduce or avoid impacts on people some damaging factors emergencies , especially during operations forces personnel CO in the lesion (infection).Under certain conditions, the use of these agents may increase the effectiveness of other methods of protection (during dispersal and evacuation, the secret to the protective constructions, etc.).

However, you caot focus on just one method of protection, no matter how reliable it is. In each case, preference should be given to the one that is closest to the situation that has arisen. The challenge is to prepare and if necessary, apply any or all together at the same time how to protect and thereby achieve stronger protection.

Medical remedies designed to prevent and provide auxiliary of the population affected by the emergency. With their help to save the lives of countless people, to prevent or significantly reduce the development of lesions in them, increase the resistance of the human body to the impressive effects of radioactive, toxic substances and bacterial agents. For health protection include:

o  radioprotective drugs;

o  protection from exposure to toxic substances – antidotes ;

o  antibacterial agents (antybiohyky, vaccines, serums, etc.)..

Radioprotective drugs are prescribed for the prevention of injury by ionizing radiation and reduce the manifestation of radiation sickness.

Antidote – specific antidote, used to prevent destruction of people poisonous substances. In case of early application achieved a high effect.

Antibacterial drugs – means of preventing infectious diseases.

In medical remedies include: medical dressing pack (PPP), which consists of a sterile dressing to aid in wounds and burns , individual chemical-package (IPP-8), is designed to self-and mutual assistance in the defeat of PR. Use it to carry out a partial special treatment immediately after injury or agents SDYAV.

What would have been effective medical remedies, nevertheless paramount place has booked revenues of radioactive and toxic substances, and bacterial products in human body.

The use of personal health protection prevents damage a person weakens the influence of certain factors. For example, personal hygiene and application of antibacterial drugs (antibiotics, vaccines, etc.). Protecting against infectious diseases.

Timely imposed sterile dressing on the wound or burn the place – not only medical care but also means of preventing complications.

The procedure for issuing and maintaining health, personal protection

The first medical remedies provided by personnel groups, workers and employees of facilities located in the cities and urban population, and other settlements , which are chemically dangerous production and nuclear power plants.

In the second place means health protection provided by different population katehorovanyh cities, residents of settlements located in areas of possible damage, and the entire population of cities and other settlements, in which there are objects katehorovani economy.

In the third place medical remedies provided by the rest of the population, including residents of rural areas.

Medical remedies are given, it must communicate who and where they will receive, where they will be issued. Medical remedies are saved directly to the objects of the economy, and warehouses reserve outside the city. The most important requirement is presented of the use of these funds is to ensure their application as soon as possible if necessary. This means that stored directly on the objects assigned to those individuals for whom they are intended, and should be in constant readiness for delivery in the shortest period in peacetime, in case of accidents and disasters , and under the threat of enemy attack .

Plans CO formation specified extradition order and public health protection with the introduction of appropriate levels of readiness DPP. However, these tools can be given to introducing a certain degree of commitment by rozporyadnytskym for special instructions.

Packet Trans’ yazuvalnyy medical (EAPs)

Industry produces three types of packages: individual, ordinary first aid to one pad and first aid with two pads. They differ by the method of packing, quantity and size of pads

The order of overlapping bands

o  open package, remove the pin and pinned it to the clothes;

o  take the left hand end of the bandage and right – skatku bandage and expand it;

o  impose pads without touching them other items on the wound or burn the one side that is not sewn with thread;

o  pribintovat pads and secure the pin end of the bandage.

ORGANIZATION OF SANITARY AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR THE PROVISION OF EMERGENCY.

 

In an emergency, the deployment works to eliminate health effects, significant role for Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of readiness which largely depends sanitary welfare, prevent the emergence and spread of infectious diseases among the population. Provision of sanitary and anti-epidemic assistance during catastrophes, on roads and in areas of evacuation centers disasters is an important part of DSMK.

There are basic principles of aid in case of Emergencies:

– The only approach to sanitation and anti-epidemic measures;

– Match the content and scope of activities undertaken, sanitary-epidemiological situation in the disaster area;

– Participation of all levels of health care in organizing measures for the eradication of epidemic foci;

– Constant interaction emergency medicine services with other agencies, ministries and departments in the elimination of sanitary and epidemiological disaster.

In the center of bacteriological contamination area with a population understand that there lives, animals, plants, local objects, buildings that succumbed to infection by bacterial artificial means.

Thus, the focus of bacteriological contamination is described as common to all branches of mass destruction, as well as specific features.

Common to all branches signs are simultaneous, mass destruction and territo-gible extent of the primary cell formation. Following the development (or decay) their homes rarely bacteriological defeat determined by the specific features protybakteriolohich-tion protection.

The local lesion bacteriological first cases are not observed, because after infection to detect the first signs of disease among residents passing some time (incubation period).The duration of this period depends on the resistance, the type and dose of agents and method of use of bacterial agents. For example, when infected with plague incubation period lasts from a few hours to 6 days, with peek-fever, typhus – from 7 to 26 days.

In case a cell bacteriological contamination than mass lesions by bacterial aerosols (artificial epidemic) is a disease epidemic spread from sick to healthy (natural epidemic).Especially dangerous for humans in this case is the plague, cholera, smallpox, and for animals – FMD, glanders, rinderpest, swine, sheep pox and others.

An important specific feature of bacteriological cell damage is the duration of its validity. It depends on the completeness, timeliness and effectiveness of preventive measures, and the duration of storage of pathogens in the environment, incubation period, infectious period of the disease and the possibility of the next epidemic (or epizootic) spread diseases from primary infected and sick to healthy.

Sanitary provide people with emergency made ​​to preserve public health, maintain its efficiency and ensuring sanitary-hygienic but prosperity. It is realized by conducting health surveillance in terms of industrial activity, performance standards and rules of nutrition, water, swing-ing population health state area, as well as a set of measures for prevention of the emergence and spread of mass non-infectious nature of the disease in the population.

The main purpose of sanitation measures – saving health and prevent infectious, occupational and other diseases. In the event of a disaster of any kind for the whole population was in an extreme situation, a prerequisite for the preservation of health is a strict implementation of the rules of personal and collective hygiene. If compliance with the rules and regulations for personal care primarily depends on the person, in compliance with the rules and regulations of collective hygiene participates as population and local government authorities and medical personnel. most important is adherence to optimal conditions for placing people who were standing habitat, organizing their food, water, bath and laundry service, prevention of such harmful environmental factors like contamination of air, water, food radionuclides, unhealthy chemicals, and exclusion of hypothermia and overheating.

Medical staff in daily life involved in the promotion of hygienic knowledge, norms and rules of behavior in the cell population infected. This line of work gets in extreme conditions even more important. Another important area of ​​work in such conditions is of hygiene research (examination) of water and food. Carrying out sanitary-epidemiological exploration of epidemiological intelligence takes samples of water and food and send them for analysis from the SES (SEZ) to detect in samples of substances harmful to humans and microorganisms.

The analysis consists opinion on the suitability for use of the population of drinking water and food. Providing the population with water and food during the accident ordisaster must be under constant supervision of medical staff. Should be taken under strict hygienic control of all important items, such as destroyed or damaged in the accident area, and those that continue to operate.

The importance attached to sanitary control the current and final dezynfek-tion in the food industry, catering to the population in the area of ​​the accident. This applies to food items temporary, and temporary street outlets. Must constantly monitor the sanitary processing (washing) of the population deactivation (decontamination, disinfection) of their clothes, shoes and other items. This applies to both stationary cooking bath and washing facilities, and field type obmyvalnyh points (points sanitization population).

In case of failure of water supply facilities and networking medical professionals sanitary-epidemiological service, along with other interested agencies engaged in emergency measures for provision of water benign, participate in the selection of sources of drinking water, permitting the use of water and control of vehicles for transportation by need to require disinfection by chlorination tanks or other means.

If the damage sewage systems and networks receive wastewater in open water emergency exercise reconditioning activities which exercise control over workers sanepidsluzhby.

In locations EMD medical units, rescue teams and gathering place victims in cold weather should be warm accommodation for individuals and drying room for their clothes and shoes. The rate of water for the needs of victims is 10 l / day for 1 person and 75 liters / day – one day of treatment. To wash one person to 45 liters of water.

Tents, which placed the victims, to equip the ditch (rather than WC) with 20 people per 1 ditch. They should be located below the water source at a distance of at least 200 m away. Upon each use gutter filth should immediately subjected to disinfection and pour a layer of earth.

Epidemic of population conducted in order to prevent the emergence-tion, distribution and elimination of infectious diseases and includes a range of measures to prevent the occurrence and spread of mass diseases infectious nature of the population.

Implementation of preventive measures based on the following principles:

– Determine the type of disease and parasite transmission mechanism;

– Timely, accurate and continuous assessment of the epidemiological situation in the emergency area;

– Selection and use of appropriate preventive measures and assess their effectiveness.

Setting the type of pathogen and disease transmission mechanism, it is worth remembering that the source of infection is infected humans or animals.

In the mechanism of transmission are three stages:

– Abjection of the infected organism;

– Stay pathogen in the environment;

– Penetration of the pathogen into the body of another person.

Disease measures – a science-based recommendations, compliance with which can successfully prevent infectious diseases among certain groups of people, eliminate or substantially reduce infectious morbidity. In practical terms, sanitation and anti-epidemic measures are closely interrelated and interdependent.

If the set type of disease and known modes of transmission, it is possible plans as designed and targeted to take the necessary preventive measures given situation. These include basic: Emergency isolation of infectious patients, limiting the exposure of peo-ple with each other disinfection measures, emergency nonspecific prophylaxis, sanitary processing and ob al. Of course, if spread among the population of a particular infection of the disease should be provided adequate measures. Along with their conduct is a set of measures, which are called “protybakteriolohichnym protection of the population.”

Protybakteriolohichnyy protection of the population is a complex zahalnoorhanizatsiy-tion, sanitation, preventive and curative measures undertaken to everyone on the site GO: factory, factory, institution building, dormitory, apartment, etc.. Direction and sequence of events determined by the nature and characteristics of the cell bakteriolohich aqueous contamination.

Measures protybakteriolohichnoho protection include:

– Prevention of human infection by bacterial and animal products;

– Liquidation of bacteriological contamination;

– Adherence of infectious hospital and nursing it. As preventive measures, they are made in advance, ie during daily activities.

Used nonspecific and specific remedies.

Non-specific means used to protect against all kinds of destruction – nuclear, chemical and biological. These include individual and collective protection, protection of residential and industrial buildings, food supplies, water, feed and facilities for animals.

Individual means of nonspecific protection is a means to protect the respiratory tract, skin and mucous membranes. Most reliable penetration of bacterial aerosols protecting masks. For respiratory protection are also respirators such as “petal” cotton-gauze bandages-resistant fabric mask (HTM-1) with glasses. For short-term respiratory protection may be used improvised home and personal belongings: wrapped in several layers of towels, shawls, scarves, collar and poly coat.

Skin protection is provided with special protective clothing or adapted clothing: coats and raincoats with oilcloth and film impermeable synthetic materials as well as coats, quilted jacket, pants, leather shoes or his substitutes, rubber overshoes, boots, boots, leather gloves.

Collective protection is nonspecific nature of various cover: iron, concrete and wood and earthen storages, cellars. In some cases, can be used with ceiling cracks, dugouts, basements, cellars, administrative and residential buildings, buried structures and terrain. Due to the fact that the cracks are not completely protected against the penetration of bacterial aerosols people using them should be in gas masks or respirators. The greatest protection is achieved in specialized shelters and homes with conditioned air. Individuals who are at the time of bacteriological weapons in unprotected apartment or production facilities, inevitably, given during infection. Therefore, to prevent the penetration of bacterial aerosols iote-tions are kindly requested sealed windows and doorways cotton-fabric and rubber gaskets, seal the vents, stove bolts, basement and cellar vents. In order to protect small individual food supplies and water-use tovuyetsya impermeable containers. A small amount of water stored in airtight jars, buckets, cans and other utensils. Rice, flour, flour products, sugar and other bulk foods packaged in metal and glass jars with lids (ground stoppers) in bags of various synthetic or other impervious materials. Bread, meat, butter, vegetables stored in bags with impervious materials, waxed paper, oilcloth, canvas. Best foods stored in refrigerators, refrigerator containers, cars, trucks, reliable sealing which eliminates the possibility of bacterial penetration. Collective protection of food supplies, feed warehouses, and reservoir with water provided their sealing in accordance with special instructions.

Specific protection – the use of emergency drugs and specific prevention (vaccines, immune serum, bacteriophages, antibiotics) and unquestionable performance of hygiene rules at home and working conditions.

Advance protybakteriolohichnomu immunization in protecting the primary issue, but its mass and efficiency largely depends on the support and organization of the population.

In the first moment after bacteriological contamination wheot set form of the parasite, make emergency preventive antibiotics that act against several diseases simultaneously (poliantybiotyky).

After determining the type of agent recommended immunization vaccines or serums. Serum is used not only as a prophylactic, but also for therapeutic purposes. In sera in the prevention and treatment of bacteriophages used to give the best effect in combination with therapeutic serum and antibiotics.

Along with taking specific preventive sanitary measures to prevent contamination. The population must know how to implement these measures and under the guidance and supervision of personnel DM and SP continually introduce them at work and at home.

It is important to keep a constant struggle against insects and rodents. destroying insects and rodents, supporting clean area yards, warehouses, farms, population prevents the spread of diseases that are transmitted to humans through the living carriers.

While these measures do not allow to fully protect people at the time of bacteriological contamination of the air in the future they can be used to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.

During his stay in the contaminated areas of the cleaning and disinfection of worker protective clothing (masks, goggles, jacket, pants, overshoes, gloves) can be infected by bacterial agents, so the next step will be required sanitization man and his clothes. All the population was subjected to the action of bacteriological contamination, be partially and fully sanitized.

Partial sanitization is washing and disinfection of the parts of the body. It can be done in any environment (domestic, industrial and field). Sponge, washcloth, gauze or a clean cloth soaked in warm water with soap (or liquid from the individual anti-gas package), wipe the face, hands, and clothing and footwear.

Full sanitizing is the washing of the body with soap and hot water in the shower (in the bath, basin, trough) with change of linen and complete disinfection to remove clothing, footwear and personal protective equipment. Complete sanitization is possible in any environment (domestic, industrial and field). In this case, all the clothes, shoes and personal protective equipment zataryuyut in impervious bags for further processing chamber. Things that zatarennoy in bags and must be sanitized in a hospital disinfection chambers passed the description dezynfektoram. After processing chamber and the description of items returned to the population.

Organization and implementation of these preventive medical service provided in collaboration with other services DPP. First assistant health workers in the implementation of these measures is sanitary druzhynnytsi, members of the health posts, public health inspectors (GSI) and all the activists of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Under the supervision of health workers they organize the population for health and health and safety measures in enterprises, institutions and facilities for trade and public catering, in homes, child care, monitoring the implementation of personal hygiene.

Organization of sanitary and epidemiological intelligence cell in an emergency.

To take measures to protect protybakteriolohichnoho need timely, accurate and continuous assessment of the epidemiological situation in the area of the accident, which is achieved by using the following methods: survey area and facilities, monitoring the health of people and of sanitary-epidemiological intelligence in the area of the accident.Epidemiological survey area and facilities is carried out to identify the causes and conditions of infectious diseases with the following basis for the localization and elimination of epidemic focus that emerged. Epidemiological surveillance provides systematic information about the state of public health emergency area. With the onset of extreme situations and epidemiological situation that is changing rapidly, important to the timely sanitary-epidemiological intelligence that timely information about the source of infection and ways of its transmission.

Exploration carried out on waste to these conditions of the plan.

Compiled on the basis of epidemiological surveillance plan for sanitation and anti-epidemic measures unable to predict all the diversity of sanitary-epidemiological characteristics of the areas in which arises as a result of each accident. Therefore, one of the most important tasks is to identify the sanitary-epidemiological characteristics of accident that occurred, and operational decision-making, appropriate to the conditions prevailing in the region (territory) disaster.

To investigate the changes of conditions and risk factors resulting from the disaster, which may significantly affect the course of the epidemic process in the disaster area, organized sanitary-epidemiological intelligence. It should be the first hours after the onset of the disaster.

The group (team), which is designed for exploration, are the doctors and nurses of different profile (epidemiologists, hygienists, toxicologists, radiologists, zoologists, entomologists and their assistants) as well as logistical services professionals and community support.

The main objectives of Sanitary and Epidemiological Intelligence:

–               detection of infectious diseases among the population and their etiological structure (clinically and by biological material sampling for laboratory tests);

–               identify the causes and conditions that may increase the likelihood of infection and disease population (living conditions, lifestyle, sanitation settlements, water and sanitation, food processing facilities, catering and trade, especially the production of population, socio-economic, ethnic, religious and other characteristics);

–               detect the presence and nature of epizootic among domestic animals and commensal rodents and their composition and quantities;

–               determine the state of preservation and efficiency of health care institutions;

–               detection of radiation and chemical contamination (in the case of damage of dangerous objects);

–               Organization urgent sanitary and anti-epidemic measures based on preliminary analysis and synthesis of data;

–               providing intelligence agency, which organized exploration.

The composition and number of groups (teams) that are sent for sanitary-epidemiological intelligence, determined by the nature and size of the disaster area disaster.

Each group (team) defined certain area, the size of which will depend on:

– Accessibility and ability to move easily within its boundaries;

– The availability of transport and its velocity;

– The time required for inspection and identification of patients, gathering materials for laboratory research and the urgent preventive measures;

– Availability of rapid communications to transmit medical information.

Team leader (team) must pre-read data surveillance plan and hygiene measures are drawn up. It should be borne in mind that the most likely area of ​​disaster occurrence and spread of infectious diseases that are endemic or epizootic character for the area. Group (team) must be properly equipped.

– favorable – in the population infectious morbidity missing or have been isolated incidents that are not related to each other;

– unstable – are isolated cases of infectious diseases, previously registered in a given area or group infections occur without further dissemination;

– poor – there are group infections with a tendency to further spread or recorded single cases of especially dangerous infections;

– emergency – there is an epidemic among the population or group recorded the disease particularly dangerous infection linked .

After the health and anti-epidemic epidemic intelligence service health plans such measures as an integral part of medical care of the affected population. Their implementation involved the region’s population, rescue, emergency medical forces and special anti-epidemic formation.

 

Quarantine complex called strict isolation and preventive measures for localization and liquidation of infectious diseases.

The major purpose of quarantine is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases in both cell and beyond, which requires the implementation of a number of administrative, organizational, economic and health measures.

It is declared by order of the Chief of Staff of the CO to prevent the spread of disease is to determine the type of the applied agents.

Quarantine Organization provides:

– Surrounding area of ​​infection and territory adjacent thereto;

– Organizing defensive positions on all secondary routes, which completely stops the movement;

– Organization of checkpoints (PPC) on major routes, which is the delivery of additional capabilities to eliminate cell contamination of raw materials for industry, food and basic necessities for the population.

. within the zone of quarantine measures are taken:

– For the protection of hospitals for infectious diseases, sources of drinking water, food warehouses and businesses that produce foods of commandant service;

– The maximum possible separation of the population living in different localities according to their production. This separation is achieved by exposing positions on routes of movement of people;

– Strengthening epidemiological regime in enterprises, the separation of workers and employees in shifts, shops, departments. This is achieved by an organization works in which contact is excluded workers and employees of a department, division, change with the workers of other departments, divisions, and changes;

– Termination of educational institutions, markets prohibition of spectacles to decrease contact among people.

Observation is called a set of restrictive measures and increased medical surveillance, aimed at preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

The main objective of observation is the timely detection of infectious diseases with the implementation of emergency measures on their localization and elimination of the causes that contribute to their proliferation.

Observation provided:

– Posting adjusting positions on the outer borders of the observation, the main routes-max to limit the entry, exit and transit;

– Strengthening the health monitoring of the site, catering, wate-tachannya, trading rules;

– Survey and thermometry population to actively and timely detection of infectious patients;

– Vaccination of the population;

– Strengthening health education work.

 

The problem of professional psychological selection specialists extreme profile is one of the main in the system of psychological support in extreme conditions.

Psychological screening for action in emergency situations including socio-psychological study of personality (conflict-free communication konfliktostiykist, the ability to samostverdzhuyuchoyi behavior, ability to establish and develop supportive relationships), psychological (self-esteem, self-confidence, anxiety, dystymnist, optimistic, ability to self- lifetime, adaptive thinking, cognitive style, self-control internality / externality, etc.), physiological examination (psychosomatic status, neural and psychodynamic properties stresostiykis, monotonostiykist, neuroticism, astenichnist etc.).

Psychological support professional adaptation in extreme situations – a system of psychosocial, psychological and psychophysiological measures to optimize the process of adaptation to extreme conditions, the development of adaptive skills to stress, psychological prophylaxis of occupational stress, correction maladaptive and maladaptive conditions.

The main tasks of psychological adaptation to extreme conditions may be distinguished as follows:

1. Identification and assessment of adaptive skills to stress . To do this, we have created psychodiagnostic methods adaptability to stress. It allows us to estimate the level of adaptability to stress and its components: the ability to control psychophysiological conditions, strong emotions and impulses, the ability to control sleep and dreams, the ability to constructive and adaptive thinking, the ability to self-organization in time of their lives, the ability to establish and develop supportive relationships, the ability to samostverdzhuyuchoyi confident behavior, the ability to regulate involuntary physiological functions and maintain optimal physical condition, cognitive style optimism / pessimism.Regarding the characteristics of the subject of adaptation in extreme situations of interest also domestic physiological studies of adaptive capacity rights, foreign Psychological Research “adaptive coping”, “hardiness”, “resilie nce”.

2. Monitoring conditions originating in extreme conditions, the skills of self-adaptive arbitrary.

3. Monitoring the social and psychological climate in the group, and measures for its improvement. Evaluation of social-psychological, psychophysiological and psychological compatibility. Diagnosis of conflict and konfliktostiykosti employees.

4. Psychological work with maladaptive and maladaptive forms of (state, behavior). Identification of individuals with maladaptive and maladaptive behavior, and measures for their successful adaptation.

5. Development of comprehensive target programs to adapt to specific situations of extreme activity.

Lack of adaptive capacity can be compensated by effective psychological preparation for action in terms of occupational stress.

Psychological preparation for work in extreme situations, assessment and prediction of readiness for action in occupational stress and risk is one of the priority areas of psychological support.

Psychological preparation – a specially organized purposeful process of professionally important qualities (adaptability to stress, professional reliability) and significant professional knowledge and skills of adaptive coping behavior management maladaptive and maladaptive states that arise in extreme emergencies and professional activities. The result of psychological preparation is unmistakable commitment to, effective action in terms of occupational stress and risk with minimal adaptive resources that appear in the “price” of adaptation. The subject of mental preparation, therefore, is to develop adaptive abilities to stress.

Psychological readiness for action under extreme conditions is the goal and the result of mental preparation.

 

It consists of two system units:

1) operational readiness , suggesting the formation of professionally important knowledge and skills of adaptive coping and control conditions;

2) personal preparedness , including the formation and sophistication of adaptive individual psychological and physiological properties of the individual.

To provide emergency counseling psychologist shall:

 

v       analyze the situation (especially the effects that injure the number of people needing assistance, etc.);

v       review the information concerning the conditions of the proposed work (whereabouts of victims and their families, a place where you can work with victims, information on how these organizational actions as placing victims compensation procedure, the location of food items, the concentration of information about victims, etc.);

v       identify different groups of people who need emergency psychological assistance.

In areas of emergency psychological assistance include:

v       Emergency in shock;

v       Emergency in hysterical reaction;

v       Emergency aid for aggressive reaction;

v       Emergency aid for uncontrolled nervous trembling.

Psychological rehabilitation after participating in extreme events in the context of the author’s psychological support is defined as a system of psychosocial, psychological, physiological, medical, psychological, generall measures to restore, correct or compensate affected by psychosomatic functions, physiological states, personal properties.

Objective psychological rehabilitation:

v       psychodiagnostics state employees in order to prevent the syndrome of PTSD;

v       of adaptation after participating in extreme events;

v       implementation of psychological correction and rehabilitation;

v       of rehabilitation training;

v       counseling staff on recovery psychosomatic health.

Analysis of theoretical and practical works to determine the five main stages of psychological rehabilitation:

1) Diagnostic – assessment of psychosomatic status, functional, physiological condition of the victims, their individual psychological and individual physiological adaptive properties. Determining the degree of deviation from the norm in their states and properties;

2) classification – the isolation of individuals with symptoms of maladaptive conditions and adaptive disorders;

3 ) identification of methods of influence – specification of methodological tools generall, rehabilitation, psychosocial, psychological and psychophysiological measures;

4) correctional – using effects-based approach to individual victims;

5) Control and evaluative – monitoring the effectiveness of the methods used and their correction (if necessary).

Conclusions

1. Psychological support activities in emergency situations is a holistic system of psychosocial, psychological and psychophysiological measures to assess and predict adaptation, individual and group safety and occupational safety in order to optimize the use of individual adaptive resources, opportunities and skills to improve performance, storage and Recovery psychosomatic health.

2. The main tasks of psychological support is psychological support adaptation, reliability, safety and psychosomatic health in extreme operating conditions.

3. The structure of psychological support activities in extreme conditions including the following major subsystems: the professional and psychological selection of personnel for activities under extreme conditions, providing professional psychological adaptation under stress, psychological training to work in extreme and emergency situations; psychological support in emergency and emergency situations; psychological care (including emergency) under extreme conditions, psychological rehabilitation of employees after their participation in activities related to the professional risk and danger.

4. The key provision of psychological problems in extreme conditions are: the problem of stress-intensity human exposure extreme operating conditions, the problem of adaptability to individual stress factors, the problem of adaptive and maladaptive psychological and physiological conditions that occur in extreme and emergency situations, methods of psychological in extreme emergencies and professional activities.

The use of personal protective equipment: masks, respirators and more.

 

  Means of protection of individual Guest ophaniv breath and shkipy ppyznacheni to protect people from getting inside ophanizmu on shkipyani pokpovy and clothing padiatsiynyh, NHR, otpuynyh pechovyn and baktepialnyh means.

For ZIZ classification of destination:

-Protection ophaniv breathing;

-Protection shkipy.

By means of protecting individual Guest ophaniv breathing belong:

as well). izolyuyuchi i filtpuyuchi ppotyhazy;

B). pespipatopy and ppostishi products: anti-dust mask, cotton-maplovi dressing.

By means of protecting individual Guest shkipy belong:

as well). overalls, protective filtpuyuchyy kit, protective suits.

B). pidpuchni means: standard and pobochyy clothes, shoes .

 

PPOTYHAZY – ppyznacheni ophaniv respiratory protection, eye and face of the person from exposure otpuynyh pechovyn and NHR, baktepialnyh facilities, which may act in the form papu, gas, mist, smoke, drip-pidynnomu, padioaktyvnoho dust.

Filtpuyuchi ppotyhazy

– zahalnoviyskovi ppotyhazy MO 4th, PU-4, SGP and SGP-2 consists of filtering boxes absorption and facial parts, bags, boxes nezapitnilymy films, membranes and insulated cuffs ;

– hpomadyanski ppotyhazy (GP-5, GP-7, GP-7m, DFM-III, DFM-7, CPAs-4).

 

Mask GP-5 (GP-5M) is designed for respiratory protection, eye and face people from toxic substances (OR), radioactive dust (RP), biological aerosols (BA) and other contaminants.

The kit gas mask GP-5 (GP-5M) are (Figure 1).: Filtering- absorbing box small overall size, face, bag, film, not misted. In the winter of facial doukomplektovuyutsyaInsulating cuffs.

Purpose gas mask GP-7 (GP-7B) is similar purpose gas mask GP- 5. Mask GP-7V allows you to receive water contaminated atmosphere. Package gas mask GP-7 (GP-7V) is shown in Figure 3.

Filter mask GP-7 (GP-7V):

1 face, 2-frame which filtruyuscho-absorbed in cover 3 – Bag, 4-label, 5 – plastic bag, 6 – nepitniyuchi film, 7 – Insulating sleeve, 8-special cover for flasks, 9 – Leaflet

 

 

 

For respiratory protection against carbon monoxide (CO) used a set of additional socket (KDP) on the front part of the gas mask GP-5 (Fig. 4). KDP is used at elevated carbon monoxide in the air, while the volume of oxygen must be at least 18% in the temperature range from minus 40 ° C to + 40 ° C.

Opening the protective effect of DP-2 cartridge depends on the application, primarily on the ambient temperature.

To protect against carbon monoxide can be used hopkalytovyy cartridge GP-1.

Respirator

Gas mask respirators used in industry for respiratory protection from NHR as steam and gases at concentrations less than 10-15 MPC. They consist of a rubber mask filter absorbing cartridges, plastic sleeve with flap inhalation and exhalation valve, knitted stopper and nagolovnika to secure the respirator on the head.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Universal gas-protection mask RU – 60 M:

1 – filter-absorbing cartridge, 2 – nagolovnika 3 – half-mask;

4-valve inspiration from the screen;

 

Filter cartridges respirators produced grades A, B, CD, D, are specialized for other purposes, depending on the physico-chemical and toxic properties NHR. Cartridges recognized by the absorbent structure and the external view – with labeling that is put in the center of the perforated mesh cartridge.

Anti-gas respirators RP-67, RD-60M and RU-60MU not use for respiratory protection against highly toxic substances such as hydrocyanic acid, arsenic and phosphorous hydrogen tetraetyl lead and others, as well as substances that steam and gaseous state can penetrate into the body through the skin. To protect against mercury vapor respirator should be used beztrykotazhnoho stopper.

Respirator “Petals” Shrapnel-1

Made with special material, which has high qualities filtpuyuchymy i for the designated odnopazovoho vykopystannya.

                        Composition pespipator:

-Koppus;              

Rubber-shnup;

Aluminium-plate;

-Plastic spacer;

Two-strap.

Pespipator dresses from the chin.

 

 

 

Individual REMEDIES SHKIPY.

Of personal protective skin are: protection kits, special protective clothing Combined comprehensive protective clothing, household, industrial and sportswear.

They are the type of protective action are divided into insulating (coats and costumes), the material which is covered by special gas and moisture impermeable film and filter representing the costumes of the usual material that is saturated with a special chemical composition for neutralizing or sorption couple NHR.

Lightweight protective kit – L-1.

1 – jacket with hood, 2 – pants with stockings 3 – Bag 4 – Mittens, 5 – balaclava

Weight 3 kg, packed in boxes of 12 pieces.

Size lightweight protective suit L-1

 

 

 

 1 – protective coat,

 2 – protective stockings

 3 – five-fingered gloves

4 – dvopali gloves

Kpim of the kit includes bag and spare papa pukavychok. Weight set – 3kg.

Pozmipy: -1 – up to 165cm

 -2 – 165-172cm

-3 – Exceeding 172cm

 

      Arms Protective Kit (IBD) consists of a protective mantle OP-1 (produced 5 of specially rubberized fabric), protective grip and protective gloves. Complete set weight 3 kg, packed in boxes 20 pcs.

 

 

 

 

Protective garments made of heat-resistant rubberized fabric.Protective gloves are elderly – a five-tire and winter – dvopali of rubberized fabric. The protective coat can be used as a cloak, cape and suit.

 

 Protective bib – it sshyti into one integer pants, i jacket hood. Pozmipy protective bib like i L-1.

Bib wear with of liner, gloves and rubber boots (41 to 46 size).

Protective suit consists of jacket and pants. Includes gloves, boots and liner. Size as L-1.

 Protective faptuh vykopystovuetsya DURING dehazatsii dezaktyvatsii and engineering. Worn along with protective stockings and pukavychkamy. Protective clothing is worn:

DURING tempepatupi 15hpd-i above as ppavylo on linen;

-DURING tempepatupi 0 – 15 hpadusiv poveph summer clothes;

-DURING teppepatupi 0 – 10 hpadusiv poveph winter clothing;

-DURING tempepatupi below -10 hpadusiv poveph quilted jacket.

Dimensions protective stockings.

Protective clothing filter (FTRA) consists of combined costume hlopchatopaperovoho saturated paste K4, rubber gloves, boots, balaclavas, two socks (one full).

To protect the skin from radioactive substances and bacterial products can be used for sport, work or school suits (pants and jacket).This clothing should be sealed by the breastplate, hoods, flaps sleeves and bottom trousers.

Enclosed clothing to provide protection against vapor and aerosols of toxic substances must satisfy mile oil emulsion (300 g of soap, 0.5 liters of vegetable oil 2 liters of water.

Protective Film Kit (BCC) consists of a hooded cloak, stockings with plastic wrap and rubber gloves. Complete set weight is 1 kg.

Suits against alkalis and acids (PLC) , intended for use with caustic soda, its solution with a concentration of 35% and acid solutions with concentrations up to 22%. They are made ​​of rubberized fabric sided. Includes: jacket, pants, boots, rubber gloves, jerseys, helmet-mask. Made in two sizes.

Suits for men and women for protection against acids , are intended to protect the skin from different concentrations of acids. Includes: Jacket, pants and headpiece.Costumes are divided into four subgroups and are made ​​with different filter fabrics.

Hand protection of NHR rubber glove industry produced two types of specifications (Type I – 0.3 m thick, Type II – thickness 0.7 mm), which are designed to perform precise and rough work.

In addition, the industry produces a whole range of gloves to protect your hands from a variety of acid and alkaline solutions of high concentration using different filter materials based on fabrics.

In the simplest skin care may also include ayrobnychyy clothing – jackets and pants, overalls, hooded robes that Made of canvas, extinguishing or rubberized fabric, coarse cloth, denim clothing, tracksuits after appropriate treatment.

They caot only protect against radioactive substances and bacterial products, but also to pass some time krapelnoridynni agents. From everyday clothing best suited coats and coats of rubberized fabrics or prepared under other clothing.

For example, canvas products protect against OP krapelnoridynnyh summer and 30 minutes, and winter – up to 1 year. If the coat to wear clothes impregnated with a special compound, the protective qualities grow.

Be sure to be hood. If not, you can use oil cloth, plastic and other films.

Protec

When leaving the infected area women are advised to wear trousers. At the bottom they need to tie a ribbon or string. This will reduce the chance of getting radioactive dust on their feet. From him, and from bacterial well protected homemade protective capes, socks, gloves.

 

 

Health precautions: Individual first aid kit, individual chemical-suite and dressing individual package.

 

The use of medical remedies can reduce or prevent the impact on people of certain factors damage emergencies, especially under the influence of forces personnel in CH lesions (infection). Under certain conditions, the use of these agents may increase the effectiveness of other methods of protection (during dispersal and evacuation, the secret of the defenses, etc.).

Medical remedies designed to prevent and assist the population affected by the emergency. With their help to save the lives of many people completely prevent or significantly reduce the development of lesions increase the resistance of the human body to counteract shock radioactive toxic substances and bacterial agents .

To prevent damage NHR and first aid in emergency situations using standard-issue equipment – Personal first aid kit AI-2 (and its analogues), individual chemical-EP-8 package and individual dressing package STIs.

In medical remedies include :

1. radioprotective drugs;

2. protection from exposure to toxic substances – antidotes;

3. antibacterial agents (antibiotics, vaccines, p yvorotky, etc.).

Radioprotective drugs are intended to prevent injuries by ionizing radiation and easing symptoms of radiation sickness.

Antidote – specific antidote, used to prevent destruction of people poisonous substances. In case of early application achieved great effect.

Antibacterial drugs – means prevention of infectious diseases.

The above medical remedies included mainly to individual kits (AI). They include drugs: radioprotective – means number 1 and 2, the means used in organophosphate poisoning substances (FOR), a remedy for vomiting; antibacterial number means the first number 2. There is also an included analgesic agent. In AI-2 is the instruction of the procedure for medical products.

In medical remedies include: medical dressing package (IPP), which consists of a sterile dressing to aid in wounds and burns, individual chemical-package (IPP-8), is designed to self-and mutual assistance in the defeat of toxic substances .

The use of personal medical staff tion is very poorly protection prevents damage a person weakens the influence of some factors. For example, personal hygiene and application of antibacterial drugs (antibiotics, vaccines, etc.) to prevent infectious disease.

Timely imposed on the wound or burn the place sterile bandage – it’s not only health care but also the means of preventing complications.

After receiving the kit to check it for completeness and learn how to use her instructions. It is not recommended to open first aid kit without the need to translate and disclose containers with pills. You caot break the tight packing dressing and chemical packages.

Packet medical dressing industry produced three types: individual ordinary first aid to one pad and first aid with two pads. They differ by the method of packing, the number of pads and sizes.

Packet Trans `yazuvalnyy individual has bandage width of 10 cm and a length of 7 m and two cotton-gauze bags (17.5 × 32): 1 – colored thread, 2, 4, 6 – Bandage 3 – movable pad, 5 – Fixed decrees dushechka. One of the pads sewn at the end still, and the other can be r of houses in bandages.

Rolled bandage pads and wrapped in wax paper and enclosed in a sealed cover with prorezynenoyi cloth, cellophane or Pergamum is ntnoho paper. The package is pin on cover those rules and ketom p.

The outer cover package, the internal surface is sterile, VIC at rystovuyetsya for the imposition of sterile air links.

 

Figure. 4 Pack dressing individual.

Individual First Aid Kit (AI-2) is designed for – providing self-help and mutual aid for wounds and burns (to relieve pain), preventing or diminishing affection RR, OR or NHR, and prevent infectious disease.

 

 

 

Figure. 5 Individual Kit AI-2.

It contains a set of medical tools that spread across nests. Size kit is 90 × 100 × 20 mm. Weight – 130 g.

Individual chemical-package (IPP-8) – designed for liquefied decontamination agents and some NHR that got the body and clothing of a person as personal protective equipment and instrument.

 

 

 

Figure. Individual chemical-6 package .

 

FEATURES OF MEDICAL CARE FOR CHILDREN

During accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters large number of victims are children. So during chemical disaster in Arzamas (1988) and train accident in Bashkortostan (1989), they were respectively 13.7% and 24.3%.

In the extreme situation of children is impossible this kind of care is self-care, and in most cases – mutual aid. As rescue workers, medical workers should provide first aid especially children. During the same degree of severity of lesions children have an advantage over adults while providing assistance both in the cell (spot) lesions and during medical evacuation.

Lesions in children associated with anatomical and physiological characteristics of the child’s body.

They especially should include:

–   diffuse and generalized response of the nervous system in response to various types of stress – pain, temperature (hypothermia, overheating of the body), burn more. Even small stress effects due to the child’s emerging changes of the cardiovascular system, and Dr. Hanna, convulsions occur;

–   sensitivity of children, especially young children, the loss of blood, even in small quantities. Thus, newborn weight equivalent to 50 ml of blood loss 600-1000 ml of adult blood.It should be remembered that children wider arteries and their relationship to the lumen of the vein is 2 times higher than in adults. Very labile blood pressure contributes to more rapid development of ro ​​shock;

–   tendency to mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract to edema, hard work and rock n, which increases the risk of pulmonary edema, hydration or dehydration org and regimentation;

–   high elasticity of the skeletal system that reduces the incidence of fractures in children and hydrogen at a typical causes of childhood injuries skeleton – fracture, nadkistni fractures, fractures of the type “green branches” and so on.

 

Theme 4. Fundamentals of rescue and other emergency civil defense robit.Orhanizatsiya hospital.

·        Purpose, types and amounts of rescue and other emergency operations, capabilities of their management in areas of natural disasters, accidents and cell damage.Objectives and contents of immediate rescue and emergency rescue. Safety and health maintenance. Sanitary processing staff, its types. Events and sanitizing procedure for conducting

·        Stability of the hospital in an emergency, basic elements. Assessment of the stability of the hospital, depending on the characteristics of its location and activities and guidelines and the necessary measures for its improvement. Medical and technical support for stable operation of medical institutions in emergency situations.·        Planning activities of civil defense medical establishments. Formation of civil defense medical and pharmaceutical institutions, their purpose, application and performance for alerts. The system of emergency evacuation. Organization of medical support non-transportable patients. Organization evacuation hospital.

 

 

 

Emergencies. Conduct rescue operations

 

Organization of rescue and other emergency operations in lesions. Forces and means of rescue.

 

As the effects of natural disasters, accidents, and applicatioof enemy weapons of mass destruction in the country towns and industrial plants may be significant damage on the ground as razhennya radioactive and chemical substances and biological agents h them. Many people will be in the rubble, damaged and p and abusing homes defenses trapped in flooded areas and other unforeseen situations. In this connection, will the right lane f ing work on saving people and helping the injured, locale and tion and elimination of accident damage.

 

The law “On Civil Defense of Ukraine” (Article   2, §   5) states that the objective of the CO is “organizing and conducting rescue and other Neve class A and dnyh work in disaster areas and lesions.”

 

The second stage

The work to facilitate and ensure the implementation of rescue operations

– Search the victims;

– extraction of victims from the rubble from burning buildings, damaged vehicles;

– Evacuation of people from the area of disaster, accident of the lesion;

– Provision of medical care;

– Sanitization people;

– Decontamination of clothing, property, technology and territory;

– Carrying out other urgent work .

The third stage

Solved the problem concerning the viability of the population in areas that have suffered from the effects of NA

-Recover or housing

– Recovery of energy, heat, water supply, communication lines “communication;

– The organization of health services;

– Provision of food and basic necessities;

– Decontamination of food, water, feed, equipment, property, territory;

– Psychosocial rehabilitation;

– Damages;

– Decontamination of property, territory and technology

 

“Evacuation, people and property from the lesion (infection) and flood zones”

 

Formation of general purpose can be used for the evacuation of people and property from flood zones (flooding) cells fires and radioactive contaminated territories and potent chemical substances.

In areas of catastrophic flooding formation involved the removal of the property affected and its loading on trucks, removes dangerous people from the polls. Primarily assists people of mature age and children who evakuyutsya first. Thus the formation of monitoring the observance of the population ieed of evacuation requirements evakoorhaniv specified course of action, including, if necessary, provide information on:

·           list of documents you need to bring;

·           list of the main things and the greatest weight;

·           list of food for 2-3 days;

·           order of application shortcuts on the way;

·           design briefs for children with surname, name and patronymic, address, year of birth, etc.

 

 

Methods for transferring victims:

(A – using webbing, b – for yourself, in – hands locked with three or four hands)

Affected put on a stretcher as follows: establish stretcher next to the affected, are carriers of one or two knees on the other side of the affected and brings his hands under his head, shoulders, hips and legs, while gently lift affected, move it away litter and put on them. You can take the affected and clothing. All of the rescuers make the team over: “Caution”, “raise”, “dipped”.

 

Transferring the victim on stretcher

(Link of four)

Organization of health emergency management ‘s

General principles of health and education measures for emergencies and

Features of medical care for industrial accidents, catastrophes and natural disasters

Medical support in accidents at hazardous chemical sites.

Accidents on chemically hazardous objects pose a serious threat to workers and employees, and large – and to the public. Accidents may be accompanied by a release (leakage) highly toxic substances into the atmosphere. Distribution of air pollution may cause respiratory, eye and skin.

Medical support for flooding and flooding.

When floods, selyah, heavy snowfall, avalanches east of affected people develop hypothermia and trauma. First aid for victims includes primarily warming (shelter from the cold), artificial ventilation, chest compressions, and bandages for injuries, temporary immobilization of fractures, administration of pain medication.

First aid is limited to the simplest of measures aimed at maintaining vital functions of the body – the introduction of warm and soothing drugs, inhalation of oxygen, warming, transport immobilization of fractures, administration of analgesics.

Medical care, which suffered catastrophic flooding in, organized as flooded, and the adjacent territories. When planning this type of medical accidents accounted for two points.

First – in the event of a threat of catastrophic flooding. In order to protect the health of the population and at timely evacuations of medical institutions, pharmaceutical warehouses, etc., of the flood zone implemented the following measures:

– Specified health plan of action in case of CO catastrophic flooding which provides for the establishment of Staff (commissions) and clarifies the issues of medical intelligence that is held by the local CO areas;

– Simultaneously, the maximum discharge of patients from hospitals that are located near areas of flooding, which, in turn, released or deployed additional berth for the transfer of patients and victims (as predicted);

–   specified distribution of vehicles and their application;

– Clarifies the possible collection points and grouping capabilities of local forces CO, involved for first aid, first hospital and specialized care;

– Deployment place or planned deployment of temporary collection points of the victims, their subsequent evacuation procedure and the location of command and control;

– Specifies the order medical support forces and hospitals. Primarily used inventory of local resources;

– Specifies the organization of health care provision population was evacuated;

– Outlines the basic hygiene and protyepidemiolohichni measures.

Second – in the event of a catastrophic flood zones. Medical support measures CO includes participation in the treatment of victims of water and so on., Providing a simple intensive care, delivery of the temporary collection points victims of complex antishock and resuscitation and evacuation in stationary hospitals according to plan.

In hospitals that provide reception of victims, are ambulance crews, additionally equipped with special equipment IVL and plenty of cardiovascular drugs.

Operated operative groups (two – three, depending on the scale of the disaster) number 5-6, which are located near areas (zones) flooding.

Victims of mental disorder in a state of arousal, possibly isolated separately from other victims.

The basic amount for flood victims will relate to therapeutic because most likely the result of being in the water, the cold will develop pneumonia. Because hospitals are preparing maximal number koyok therapeutic profile, which, in turn, reinforced toxic and therapeutic teams. Term of commitment – not less than 4 hours from the time of Emergencies.

Medical support during earthquakes.

At the time of the disaster to organize and implement health care than self-and mutual impossible. The most difficult situation is the result of earthquakes in large cities, where the destruction of buildings, communications systems, gas and water supply and sanitation activities in the city is broken, there are fires, there is a significant number of victims with injuries, burns, prolonged compression syndrome.

Many people in the earthquake zone occurs mental disorders that manifest as fear, severe agitation, zatormozhennya, hysteria, etc.

The organization of medical care for earthquake victims should be provided:

– Timely provision of all types of medical care for injuries, prolonged compression syndrome, burns, poisoning, and neuro-psychiatric and infectious diseases;

– Health care personnel forces that drive rescue;

– Carrying out preventive measures, aimed at reducing the number of people with neuro-psychiatric disorders, as well as assistance in preterm and normal labor;

– Prevention of mass infectious diseases and elimination of epidemic outbreaks.

After giving first aid the victims immediately or in the short term should be evacuated to hospitals, where it can be given a special (qualified) medical care and necessary treatment carried out.

Medical assistance at fires.

The need for a large number of victims of burns and poisoned by carbon monoxide and smoke.

A thorough search for survivors in the smoky areas and inside buildings that are burning.

The first medical aid should be provided as soon as possible and close to the fire. With a large number of victims of burns hospitals should be strengthened burn teams and have the necessary facilities for care and treatment.

Features of medical care in the event of epidemiology cell.

In the areas of disaster epidemiological unit is the territory in which a certain amount of time and space held engage people of infectious diseases with a clear tendency to spread.

Due to serious violations of the conditions of life and living in areas subject to natural disasters substantially intestinal infections, including typhoid, paratyphoid, infectious hepatitis, dysentery. Among the potential epidemiological diseases in these areas can be attributed cholera, viral gastroenteritis and other diseases.

In cold and Transition Year extreme crowding of people in tent camps, public buildings contribute to the rapid spread of respiratory infections. The greatest risk of infection would be a violation of sanitary and technical standards in the food industry and catering.

Protecting the population under these conditions is based on preventing close contact with the evacuees, conducting operational measures to ensure food, drinking water and so on.Great importance is podvorovyy bypassing sanitary squads, isolation and observation of persons who had contact with patients of disinfection work.

In a medical sorting and delivery of health care in place all aircraft disaster victims move gradually in 4 areas:

–   the search area and collection;

–   sorting area;

–   area of ​​assistance;

–   the area of ​​transportation.

            Zone searching and collecting – it’s the scene where the search and collection and evacuation of affected areas to sorturuvannya. In this area the staff working rescue and against the fire service.

            Sorting zone . Located at a distance of 80 – 90 m on the windward side of the scene in order to avoid the influence of combustion products, smoke victims. Within its limits by medical personnel performed first Sort affected.

            Area aid . It is divided into three subzones according to three categories of victims:

  – Emergency care (I stage),

  – Medical assistance may be temporarily delayed (second stage);

  – In need of psychological care and outpatient (phase III). Deployed in this area mobile medical units, if necessary unfolds first stage of medical evacuation.

Area transportation. Designed for registration and evacuation.

Placed between the area to provide assistance and driveways.

When you train crash organization of emergency medical assistance to victims is not fundamentally different from providing medical care in a plane crash and car accidents. As with other types of traffic accidents investigated the effects of disasters, place of origin, informed nearby hospitals, territorial center of emergency medical care.Immediately sent to the area of disaster Ambulance Brigade and the formation of the State Service for Disaster Medicine territorial level, which at the scene to organize work on health care and evacuation of victims in hospitals. Before the arrival of Task Force State Service for Disaster Medicine leadership of ambulance crews at the accident scene relies on medical brigade, which arrived first.

In place of the train crash created a temporary collection points affected by their medical sorting, registration, emergency medical evacuation and subsequent medical treatment for the purpose.

  When disasters at sea and river transport between isolated first aid is provided by the self-and mutual aid, crew and medical personnel vehicles. The ship or shore organized a temporary collection point affected by where they DSMK territorial level provided the first medical aid using the basic principles of medical evacuation support. For evacuation of hospitals using water, air, road and rail transport.

Accidents in the mines have their specifics about the conditions of medical evacuation.

Information about the accident at the mine goes to another part of the Mountain Rescue, ambulance station, the operative departments of emergencies, the Center notified the dispatcher of emergency medical care.

For operational management activities of the organization and provide medical assistance to victims created operational groups.

The main tasks of medical service in these conditions include:

– Organization and provision of medical assistance to the victims directly

in mines mines atmosphere unfit for respiration;

– Provision of medical assistance to the victims that were raised from the mine to the surface, and their treatment in the hospital;

–     preservation and promotion of health personnel rescue groups.

The system of care has suffered steps:

–    first aid provided at the scene of the accident (before and after the release of the victim of the dam);

–    transport the victim to a bench or changes of underground roadway at a medical base (PMB); ‘

–    first medical aid to PMB;

–    transporting the victim to the surface of the mine;

–    skilled medical care in a hospital medical unit of the mine or in a medical facility DSMK;

–    Specialized medical care in specialized medical centers or branches multidisciplinary hospitals.

In providing medical assistance to victims should be considered vzayemoobtyazhuvalnu components of the combined effect of lesion prevalence in the clinical picture of burn injury with the occurrence of burn shock, the presence of

carbon monoxide poisoning, sudden disturbances of respiratory function.

Health sorting and preparation for evacuation to hospitals provide their distributioa4 group:

1.      lehkourazheni;

2.      suffered moderate;

3.      victims in serious condition;

4.      affected in a very heavily in the state.

 

Measures emergency medical care in the center of the National Assembly.

After treatment measures are derived from the mine in the first place lehkopostrazhdali. Secondarily evacuated victims moderate, requiring a longer time to give them emergency medical and emergency first aid. Severe victims trapped on the PMB (for resuscitation and antishock measures,   and then evacuated.

Upon arrival to the hospital inpatient stays victims qualified and specialized medical care. Treatment in hospital is conducted on the basis of the hit action and provided them medical and first ai in the first stage of evacuation.

In hospitals affected are full-depth examination, treatment strictly individualized. The main features of the treatment of victims in accidents at mines with combined lesions consist in the fact that in-patient medical referral arrangements should be primarily to eliminate effects of poisoning by gases, mainly carbon dioxide, prevention and treatment of burns or traumatic shock.

Thus, the organization of medical evacuation in man-made disasters is a prerequisite for consideration peculiarities of the health situation in the center of the National Assembly, which determines the tactics of medical care and public emergency response members, increases the effectiveness of these measures reduces mortality and disability among the victims, reducing the duration of their treatment.

Measures emergency medical care in the center of the National Assembly.

Measures of medical care to the victims directly at the crash site

(The first stage of medical evacuation) are the main purpose of saving life

victims stabilization of major functional systems, given the need in the shortest time their transport to the hospital (the second stage of medical evacuation). Within minutes the employee must conduct a review of the victim and provide medical care to the extent of this stage by the victim, especially for health indicators. Initial examination of the victim, and with it, i estimate the severity of his condition, based on objective setting external damage and will probably become the main functional systems of the body, especially the respiratory, cardiovascular, central and peripheral nervous systems, the possibility of damage to internal organs and internal bleeding. The initial review of one victim had to make a doctor for 40 seconds. It is helpful to review a sequence, during which implemented and emergency medical measures to rescue the patient’s life:

– Revision of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract while removing foreign bodies and recovery of respiratory function by povitrevodu or “from mouth to mouth.” The primacy of the event is determined by life-threatening suffered from respiratory failure;

– Determination of the integrity of blood vessels and simultaneous stop of foreign

bleeding, primarily arterial (compressing bandage);

– Assessment of the cardiovascular system by counting the pulse. The lack of radial artery pulsation indicates a reduction in AT below 80 mm Hg. century., which indirectly may indicate internal bleeding and shock and directs nurses to carry out appropriate measures of care;

– Establishing verbal contact with the victim while the definition

active and passive movements of the limbs;

– Assessment of feeling: of eye, ear, and skin pain

sensitivity, joint and muscle sensations. The degree of severity of the response indicates Eye on the subject opens his eyes turned to him, language, responds to painful stimulation or do not respond to external influences.

Medical care is primarily provided to those who have insufficient

respiratory, circulatory, state of shock, suspected internal bleeding, politravmu, STS.

Note that the temporary duty shall be evacuated all victims, regardless of severity. Seriously wounded to be evacuated first. Thus, at the crash site in the course of providing health care there is a need sorting victims, doctor, along with the definition of severity and priority assistance should decide on the method of evacuation (lying on stretchers or sitting), order (first or second line ), mode of transport, the need to support the affected providers.

Note that from the point of injury to the second stage of medical care in

should be promptly evacuated all the victims. With a lack of

sanitary transport to use any transport, including and

trucks.

The problem of transporting seriously wounded, especially in shock

still far from the optimal solution. According to V. Frolov (1990)

mortality suffered during their evacuation to hospitals in the absence of correct choice of transport and, in particular, incorrect assessment of the victim may be increased to two or more times.

Based on analysis of medical and nursing teams ambulance

involved in the provision of first aid and conduct intensive care during transport seriously wounded, we can recommend the criteria for their possible evacuation by road without substantial deterioration in the route.

The prerequisites to be able to transport the victim is

maintaining blood pressure (the top level) within 4 hours of observatioot less than 100 mm Hg. century., heart rate less than 100 beats per vylynu, urine output – no less than 50 ml / h. Index of victim in shock in an emergency can be measured by the ratio of pulse and blood pressure. It is generally determined: in satisfactory condition – less than 1,0, with a state of moderate – equal 1.0, in serious condition – more than 1.0.

Injured in a state of shock, do not meet the criteria for evacuation

road, it is necessary to evacuate after stabilization of blood pressure. In any kind of transport situation affected – on a stretcher.

Transportation victims absolutely contraindicated in front of or

agonal state of the victim and pulmonary edema under gray asphyxia.

At the crash site medical assistance to the victims to some extent

limited conditions and lack of time for. Therefore, it is intended to

saving lives ( From global experience we know that after 2 hours, not

receiving the necessary care, and 40% die seriously wounded, after 3 hours – 60% after 6 hours – up to 95%) and preparation for evacuation.

For injuries, bone fractures, external bleeding performed: removal

asphyxia, artificial respiration by hand, a temporary stop outside

bleeding with a tourniquet or constricting bands, the simplest immobilization of fractures of extremities and multiple soft tissue injuries by vehicle tires or scrap vehicles, imposition of aseptic bandage the wounded surface anesthetic administration (including by using pre-filled syringes) protyshokovi simple measures – calm, warm protection against the cold, warm drink and so on., chest, closing an open pneumothorax.

The syndrome of prolonged compression when rescuers imposed tourniquet above the compression necessary to quickly assess the condition of ischemia.

When compensated ischemia, if not come circulatory disorders (saved active movements, tactile and pain sensitivity), completing a pre-compressive bandaging of the bundle to the bottom limb tourniquet should be removed.

If uncompensated ischemia, when active movements there, but passive movements are free and no rigor rigor, wiring must also be urgently removed after preliminary compressive bandaging. When irreversible ischemia at which no active movement, passive movement is not possible, there are signs of rigor rigor, wiring caot shoot. The victim must first be evacuated to step skilled care. With polytrauma victims also need evacuated first to step skilled care.

In thermal burns : fire burning clothes, blending in aseptic

bundles to burn surface anesthetic administration, elementary

protyshokovi activities: warm protection against the cold and hot drink.

When radiation injuries : Partial sanitizing materials at hand

(Water, soap, etc.)., Receiving intra radioprotective drugs (RS-1 potassium

iodide), antiemetics (Etaperazin) nausea or vomiting, nadivannya

respirator or a cotton-gauze bandages, shelter from the effects of radiation.

In acute chemical poisoning : Partial sanitizing (PPI – 1 water

soap, soda, etc.)., nadivannya mask, enter an antidote, an artificial challenge

vomiting bezzondovym way (by ingestion of poison in the stomach).

In psycho-emotional disorders: limiting physical activity, input

intramuscularly drugs: tyzertsyn – 2.5% solution – 2.0 ml chlorpromazine or 2.5% solution – 2.0 – 4.0 ml sibazon, the primary evacuation to temporary psyhoizolyator

(Psychiatric hospital) and excited patients inadequately responsive.

When mass infectious diseases : – acting on the instructions epidemiologist:

isolation of patients, partial sanitizing materials at hand, the purpose of

antibacterial agents (sulfadimetoksin, chlortetracycline, etc. .), evacuation of special transport to a temporary infection isolation (infectious hospital).

When supercooling: warming, protection from the cold and hot drink.

If overheating : Wrap wet cotton fabrics, peace,

CPR manually (if necessary).

When combined and combined lesions of the tools that

correspond to a particular syndrome or type of lesion.

The life of the victim often depends on the effectiveness of health

assistance at the scene.

Therefore, the medical professional – doctor or

average medical workers – are the following main objectives:

a) an overview to identify external damage detection

life-threatening respiratory and circulatory disorders;

 

b) emergency care (medical and intensive care) to the extent that

allow safe transport to the stage of skilled and specialized

assistance;

c) determine the priority evacuation in cases of massive injury or damage;

d) a complex of resuscitation during transport to

ambulance car, helicopter, airplane or other vehicle.

 

It is crucial to diagnostic examination of the victim combined with

elimination disorders, breathing and circulation. Some traumatic injuries, burns a large area and severe acute poisoning usually accompanied by considerable pain syndrome, respiratory failure, dehydration, decreased

blood pressure. All of these symptoms are occurring against the backdrop of tensions

psycho-emotional sphere victim. Speedy evacuation to the stage

skilled care shall at the same time, along with providing assistance in instances of paramount importance.

 

 

Special and sanitary processing affected, partial and complete sanitary processing of people and equipment, decontamination, decontamination, disinfection.Decontamination of clothing, shoes, protection, water and food.

Solutions used for special processing .    Special treatment. Decontamination. Degassing. Disinfection. Decontamination

 

Special treatment – part of the aftermath of radiation, chemical, bacteriological contamination and is aimed at restoring preparedness equipment, transportation and personnel groups to carry out their tasks of rescue.

Special treatment includes:

–          sanitization of personnel;

–          decntamination;

–          decontamination;

–          disinfection.

Sanitization – the elimination of personnel radioactive substances, disposal and removal of toxic agents and bacteriological agents.

Decontamination – the destruction of radioactive substances from contaminated surfaces to acceptable sizes infection, safe for humans.

Degassing – disposal of contaminated sites through destruction (neutralization) or destruction of toxic substances.

Disinfection – destruction of infectious microbes and toxins destruction at sites that have been infected.

Insect repellent – the destruction of insects and mites.

Deratization – the destruction of rodents.

Depending on the circumstances, the time of special treatment is divided into partial and complete.

Partially special processing performed by personnel groups and the population itself.

Complete special treatment is carried out by regular non-military formations.

For direct reference works created by non-military formation:

–          Prefabricated units (teams, groups) RHZ;

–          team of disinfection;

–          oblyvalni sanitary items (SOP) (based bath);

–          decontamination station clothing (COO) (based cleaners, dry cleaning plants);

–          disinfection station transport (WTO) (based detergents).

Decontamination. Appliances, property, clothing, countryside, food, water, pollution by radioactive substances are subject to deactivation. The bottom line is tearing decontamination of radioactive parts of the surface and destroy them with processed objects.

Decontamination is complete and partial.

In partial decontamination equipment and clothing removed radioactive substances from all surfaces by wiping or obmitannya.

Complete decontamination is carried out by the following methods:

–          PP washing decontamination solutions, water and solvents with simultaneous processing of contaminated surface decontamination brushes machines and instruments;

–          PP flushing jet of water under pressure;

–          destruction of PP droplets flow of gas;

–          destruction PP wipe contaminated surface swabs are soaked in decontamination solution, water, and solvents;

–          zmitannya radioactive dust brooms, brushes etc.

–          destruction by radioactive dust pylevidsmoktuvannya.

Decontamination method is chosen according to the type of contamination.

Decontamination facilities conducted pouring water. Starts pouring from the roof and is from the top down. Especially hard oblyvayetsya windows, doors, cornices and lower levels of the building.

Decontamination of the interior and jobs performed by pouring decontamination solutions, water, obmitannyam brooms and brushes and wiping. Decontamination should begin from the ceiling. Ceiling, walls, wipe with a damp cloth property, floor clean with warm soapy water or 2-3% soda solution.

Decontamination areas areas that are paved may be flushing of radioactive dust jet of water under high pressure through irrigation machines or radioactive substances zmitannyam sweeper sweeper.

Lots of areas that are not paved, deactivated by removing the contaminated soil layer thickness of 5 – 10 cm, road machinery (bulldozers, graders), filling of contaminated sites clean soil layer thickness of 8 – 10 cm plowing plow infested area to a depth of 20 cm , collecting snow and ice. To reduce the transfer of radioactive dust from one place to another using binding receptors that create the film, preventing dust formation.

Decontamination of water produced in several ways, including: filtration or distillation of contaminated water using ion-exchange resins or settling pit, conducting multiple evacuation including water and disposal of soil from the bottom. Plot area is adjacent to the well at a range of 15 – 20 m deactivated by removing the soil layer thickness of 5 – 10 cm, followed by backfilling of uncontaminated sand.

Decontamination of food products and raw materials produced by processing or replacement packaging. Contaminated food and prepared food are destroyed.

For decontamination decontamination we use solutions, which are based on powdered SF-2 (SF-2U) or in the absence of detergents or industrial waste, are required for water softening, enabling better wash off surface dirt with radioactive substances. For this purpose, solutions can be reheated.

Solution for decontamination pryhotovlyayetsya based powder SF-2U (SF-2) by dissolving the latter in water at the rate of a 0.15% solution (by dvadtsyatylitrovyy Cans (canister) – 30 g per barrel stolitrovu – 150 g per tank capacity of 6   000 liters – 9 kg).

CH-50 powder – a mixture of specific substances. For decontamination of equipment used 1% aqueous solution at a temperature of 25 to 14 ^o C. Use toothpaste PAC-1 foretila, labemida, detergents – “News”, “lotus”, “Crystal”. In Chernobyl used: sulfazol (SF-2U) – 0.5-0.6% oxalic acid – 0.5-1.5% trilon – 0.3-0.4% hlynodylamid – 15-20% , water – 77-83%. The effectiveness of the solution to 8 times higher than regular.

If decontamination is necessary:

1.   Organize exposure and infection control personnel serving platform.

2.   Periodically check infestation equipment and appliances that are not used during dezaktyvatsiy they work and, if necessary, to carry out their deactivation.

3.   See to it that those ditches and absorbing wells during perepovnyalys not.

4.  Buried after work at the site of ditches, pits and absorbing wells, fence marks the infected area.

Decontamination

When solvent degassing agents are not neutralized and dissolved and removed from the contaminated surface with solvent. Solvents may be – gasoline, kerosene, diesel, dichloroethane, ethyl.

Degassing solutions:

–          degasification solutioumber 1 is 2% (by ​​weight) solution dyhloramina DT-2 in dichloroethane and is intended for decontamination equipment, personal protective equipment and areas contaminated with mustard gas. Used in air temperature to – 35 ^o C at a rate of 0.5-0.6 l costs / m ² . shelf life of the solution after making no more than 5-7 days;

–          degasificatioumber 2 BS solution is an aqueous solution of 10% sodium hydroxide and 25% monoethanolamine and is designed for decontamination of equipment, PPE, areas infested with soman. Freezing solution – 30 ^o C. The rate of 0.5-0.6 l / m ² . Expiration solution is not more than 1 year;

–          degasification solutioumber 2 Al (ammonia-grass) is a solution of 2% sodium idkoho, monoetalamina 5% and 20-25% ammonia water. Purpose and consumption rate is the same as the solutioumber 2 BS. Freezing solution – 40 ^o C. To produce 100 liters of solution in a container filled 10 liters of water and dissolve it in 2 kg pounded sodium hydroxide. Add 85 liters of 20-25% ammonia water and 5 l monoetanolamoniyu. The resulting solution was stirred for 3 minutes. The solution is ready;

–          1% aqueous suspension of TPA-HC is designed for decontamination of equipment, personal protective skin areas infected with soman and mustard. Used for temperature 5 ^atC and above. The rate of 1.5 l / m ² ;

–          water slurry DTS-HC – (two DTS-GC and one share of water). Used for decontamination of metal and wood surfaces contaminated VX, soman and mustard gas at a temperature of not below +5 ^o C;

–          1% aqueous CH-50 powder – Designed for decontamination (deactivation) equipment contaminated with VX, soman and mustard gas by a set of control – at a temperature of 25 to 40 ^o C. In canister capacity of 20 liters pour 1 package (200 g) powder HF-50 and mix 1-3 minutes.

Methods of decontamination:

Chemical method by watering or degasification substances spilling dry decontaminating agent by special machines.

Mechanical method – cutting and removing the top layer with bulldozers, graders at a depth of 7 – 8 cm and 20 cm of snow, or neutralize contaminated surfaces using coating of straw, reeds, planks and more.

The physical method based on the evaporation of OC contaminated surfaces and their partial decomposition under high temperature gas stream. Produced by heat engines.

Degassing areas with paved infected blister and nerve agents, processing is carried out with a solution of bleach.

Disinfection may be chemical, physical, mechanical and combined methods.

Chemical method – the destruction of disease-causing germs and destroying toxins disinfectants – Primary disinfection.

The physical way – boiling clothes, utensils and other things. Used mainly in intestinal infections.

Mechanical method – is much the same way that involves removal and decontamination of contaminated soil or use oils.

Disinfectants substances and solutions:

–          formaldehyde – colorless suffocating gas that dissolves in water. To ensure there is 35-40% aqueous formaldehyde solution, called formalin. Formalin has a pungent odor, is active on the vegetative and spore forms of bacteria and is used to disinfect equipment, protective equipment, clothing, footwear, stored in metal barrels and glass bottles of 40 liters;

–          phenol – solid pink-brown color, easily soluble in water. An aqueous solution of phenol (90%) called carbolic acid. 3-5% solution of destroying vegetative forms of bacteria.Phenol with poison. Stored in metal barrels and glass bottles;

–          cresol – dark brown oily liquid with an odor of phenol, slightly soluble in water. Readily soluble in alkali and acid. Used as a 5% soap-combustible krezolovyh solutions to destroy vegetative forms of bacteria. Cresol is a poison;

–          Lysol – reddish brown oily liquid solution of cresol in the liquid potash miles. The water dissolves well. Used as a 5% aqueous solutions. Stored in 100 l metal drums;

–          naftamezol – a mixture of 35% cresol and 65% naphthenic soap. 10% aqueous solutioaftamezolu a disinfectant effect and cleaning properties.

To destroy toxins can be used 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide.

In sub-zero temperatures using degasification solutioumber 1 for equipment and transport, and leather 0.5% (by weight) solution of monochloramine B.

Conclusion : Timely a partial or complete special treatment restores willingness equipment, transportation and personnel groups to carry out their tasks of rescue. Keeping in constant readiness for use of technical means special treatment, the presence of decontamination, decontamination and disinfecting substances and solutions enable timely and fully perform special processing of personnel, equipment and weapons that will successfully accomplish tasks in emergencies.

 

Decontamination – a set of measures aimed at reducing the concentration of mercury vapor in the air space to the maximum allowable. It can be done in two ways: chemical – mechanical and mechanical.

Chemical-mechanical method – based on the mechanism of collecting balls of mercury followed by treatment of contaminated surface chemical reagents. After this treatment, the room needs airing.

Mechanical method – based on a mechanical collection of balls of mercury, followed by replacement of floors and plaster or refurbishment of the building. This method can be applied together with chemical and mechanical.

General properties and the danger of mercury.

By their appearance mercury is silvery-white. Under normal conditions, this fluid is heavier than water at 13.5 times.

In liquid form, it is very moving, and with the impact subdivided into small balls.

This is the low-melting metal. The melting point of liquid mercury minus 38.9 ⁰ C, so she was evaporated at room temperature. With increasing temperature over 18 ⁰ C of evaporation increases. Pair of mercury and its compounds are very toxic.

Got the body, it accumulates and stays there for life.

Permitted concentration of mercury vapor for residential, preschool, educational and business facilities installed 0.0003 mg / m ³ , and the workplace of 0.0017 mg / m ³ .

When the concentration of mercury vapor in the air more than 0.2 mg / m ³ developed acute poisoning.

Inhalation of low concentrations of mercury vapor for a long time leads to chronic poisoning.

Signs of such poisoning include:

–          decreased performance, fatigue, weakening of memory, headaches;

in some cases, possible catarrhal manifestation of the upper respiratory tract, bleeding gums, slight hand-shake, a tendency to diarrhea.

Preparations for the organization works.

Upon receipt of notification of the presence of mercury in the room, you did not find the people in it, as isolated from other areas to provide continuous ventilation.

Work on demercurization mercury starts to collect commission on technogenic and ecological security and emergency situations, Surveillance, construction workers, the police, prosecutors, and so on. The commission included the head of the facility, which found mercury, or his deputy.

The Commission conducts surveys of contaminated sites and the meeting decides on the choice of method demercurization.

The results of inspections and decisions made laws.

Conduct demercurization.

In order to reduce timing and amounts of Decontamination, prevent dispersal of mercury and other pollution prevention facilities must be available to collect liquid mercury beads on a piece of paper and move them in a container of water, previously dissolved in it a little potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) – about 2 grams per 1 liter water.

However, this way may collect only large balls. Removing small balls and those caught in the skirt slit, and processing of complex surfaces – not an easy thing. To perform such work requires the use of special devices.

After collecting balls of mercury contaminated sites cleaned soap-soda solution (400 g of soap and soda 500 g per 10 liters of water). Treatment of places that were not directly contaminated, not required.

 

  The order of partial and complete sanitization

Upon infection Paper handling includes mechanical removal of PP from the open parts of the body with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, clothing, gear and wearing personal protective equipment. It is performed after infection and repeated after leaving the area of ​​infection.

In a partial sanitization in the area of ​​radioactive contamination PPE is not removed. You must first wipe, or shake obmesty pollution protection, clothing, equipment and footwear, and then remove the parts from the RR arm and neck

The procedure of partial sanitization to uninfected areas :

–          remove the protective skin and shake them, or wipe with a cloth dampened with water (decontamination solutions);

–          without removing the mask, shake or obmitayut radioactive dust from clothing. If you can, then take off clothes and vytripuyut;

–          pour clean water exposed parts of the body, then mask mask;

–          remove the mask and face thoroughly washed with water;

–          rinse mouth and throat. If you do not have enough water, surface water body mask and a mask wipe with a damp cloth moistened by water flasks;

–          during infection kraplynnoridkymy agents need without removing the mask, an immediate treatment of open skin sheets contaminated areas of clothing, footwear, equipment and masks mask. This treatment is carried out using individual anti-gas package (IPP-8), and drops must be removed within 5 minutes after contact with skin;

–          during infection BZ partial sanitization is carried out as follows: without removing the mask, and obmitannyam vytrushuvannyam, remove BR, who settled on clothing, footwear, equipment and PPE.

When circumstances permit, equipment and clothing removed, carefully wipe the materials at hand, then shake. Shoot and wear clothes necessary so that the open part of the body do not touch the outer contaminated surface. Then the fluid with EP-8 treated mask mask. In the absence of EP-8 for partial processing can be used with water flask and soap.

Instead of PPIs can also use 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, and 3% sodium hydroxide (in the absence of sodium hydroxide, it can be replaced silicate glue in the same amount.

Io case can be used for the partial decontamination of skin solvents (dichloroethane, benzene, alcohol) as this will increase the severity of injury (RR dissolved in solvents distributed on a larger area, much easier to pass through the skin).

 

After the nuclear destruction of the cell to uncontaminated area should:

1.Znyaty personal protective skin.

2.Znyaty clothes and stood with his back to the wind, gently shake off the dust and then hanged on a rope obmesty down broom, brush and dust stick to tip remains.

3. Clean dirt from shoes and wipe with a damp cloth.

4. Rinse under running water, clothing and underwear.

5. Remove the mask and hold it decontamination.

6. Remove gloves and shook off them clean with a cloth in the solution.

7. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water to wash his feet, face wash, rinse exposed areas of the body with clean water mouth, nose, throat and eye wash.

8. Complete dose control.

9. Pass complete sanitization.

10. Complete full dose control.

When infecting toxic substances – complete special treatment (PSO) is performed after partial sanitization.

When infecting bacterial agents PSO exposed all personal composition irrespective of the remedies and of partial sanitization. PSO consists in disinfection disinfectant open parts of body wash with warm water and soap.

Infected gear and clothing exposed to disinfection or replaced. PSO performed on sanitary obmyvochnyh points (SOPs) that are based on baths, changing rooms, budget or special handling items.

Along with full sanitization performed disinfection of clothing, shoes and protective equipment at stations disinfection of clothing (SDR) platforms or disinfection of clothing.

For the sanitizing, replacement of contaminated clothing and equipment sanitized and for disinfecting clothing, footwear, equipment and PPE unfolds “Ground sanitization of personnel”, which is part of the point of special treatment.

(Playground sanitization shown in the diagram).

Scheme area sanitization personnel.

 

 

1 – DDA;

2 – locker rooms;

3 – obmyvalnyy department;

4 – odyahalnyy department;

5 – rubber capacity for water;

6 – warehouse stock exchange clean uniforms;

7 – a place for the removal of contaminated PPE;

8 – dosimetrist;

9 – drainage groove;

10 – intake well;

11 – storage of contaminated property.

 

At half dirty area allocated space for the removal of protective clothing, sorting and preparing to disinfect contaminated property, as well as sorting and storage of contaminated property and PB PR. Dirty half is marked with “Infected”.

Full sanitizing lies in dousing the body with warm water and soap. When radioactive contamination complete sanitization is carried out in the event that after partial sanitizing infected skin sheets and clothing is more acceptable values.

Full sanitizing should be done if possible within 3-5 hours after infection of it after 10-12 hours practically effective. Clothes replaced if after processing contamination remains above acceptable norms. Full sanitizing during infection drip-liquid aerosols and their agents can be held after partial treatment for hygienic purposes.

When infecting bacterial means to be fully sanitized all the people that are in the area of ​​bacterial products, whether used protection and was set partially or sanitizing.Disinfection of infected clothing or be replaced.

For the complete sanitization used: Sanitary items pouring into a fixed bath, shower pavilions and changing rooms, suites sanitization CFA; Desinfective-install showers DDA-53A, DDA-66 AVR.

Cleaning obmyvochnyy point SOP deployed in urban and rural areas on the basis of baths, showers pavilions, changing rooms and other facilities which are suitable for sanitizing. Bandwidth SOP, which has 10 meshes per capita – 1600 people. per day while working 20 hours. In a man consumed 30 g of soap and 30 – 35 liters of water heated to a temperature of 38-40 ^o C.

Conclusion : Timely a partial and complete sanitization of personnel groups and the public – a guarantee of the preservation of life and health.

 

  Precautions during special treatment

1.   Deactivation, decontamination and disinfection perform, usually in personal protective equipment;

2.   Wear protective equipment and shoot only in designated areas where excluded the possibility of contamination;

3.   Do not remove or unbutton protection without order from the commander. If the damage or infection at high PPE immediately report to the commander.

4.   Take prescribed time spent in protective clothing and with weakness or disease working immediately send it for examination and assist him.

5.   Parsimonious handle degasification, disinfection and decontamination facilities and materials, do not put them on the infected area or subject.

6.   Prepare used for degassing and decontamination materials in sponging specially dug pits, and on completion of works to dig a pit, materials for sponging, use for disinfection, bury or burn.

7.   Avoid unnecessary contact with contaminated objects, do not sit on them and touching them.

8.   In place of work does not eat or smoke.

9.   When handling avoid raising dust and creating splashes.

10.                   Do not touch the exposed areas to be contaminated with body hands (gloves).

11.                   Degas or disable after completion of the platform, which was carried out decontamination or decontamination.

12.                   When working with equipment that is subjected to partial decontamination, disinfection or decontamination, follow precautions and touch the rough spots.

Conclusion : Strict security measures during the special treatment of an infected population, personnel groups, technology, equipment and property – the key to successful implementation of the tasks.

 

“Decontamination of animal, plant, water and feed.”

 

Infected radioactive, chemicals and bacterial agents produce processing, agricultural products and feed to be at ov’yaz cifically decontamination and infection control to the appropriate degree of acceptable values.

Food that pidverhlysya radioactive contamination, are decontamination, and stored in an airtight container, can be used after thorough washing dishes with warm water.

The most intense natural decrease of radioactivity occurs within the first 15-20 days after the occurrence of contamination when a mixture of fission products is dominated by long-lived radioisotopes shortly.

If natural decontamination inefficient use of artificial means, which if necessary can be repeated several times. Depending on the method of packaging, product properties, nature and extent of contamination, the following decontamination methods: loss of surface or product packaging radioactive dust with water (detergent), wet tissue, vacuum cleaner, washing with water nezatarenyh goods, transfer of production from contaminated packaging in clean, remove the outer layer of contaminated products, removal of shell (sausages, cheese, butter, etc..) after pre-washing water.

Decontamination of products stored in containers higher and first category comes down to the corner surface decontamination of containers. Decontamination of food, which is located in sacks with polyethylene liners decontamination by removing the outer bag and remove radioactive dust from the inner with a vacuum cleaner, a soft brush or wiping with a cloth dampened in water and then transferred into a clean product composition.

Sugar, starch, flour and other bulk products are in bags deactivate follows: vacuum cleaner bags handle, then moisten the surface and wipe with a cloth bag. Read the top layer (2 – 5 cm) and inserted a metal cylinder with bottom and lid, and then take out the product.

Products in kraft paper bags deactivate follows: remove the layer-by-layer paper bags. Similarly decontamination products, packed in boxes, barrels, drums.

Decontamination prepackaged products is carried out as follows: Disables external container and open it, and then tested for radioactivity. If the productioormally it is transferred into a clean container if nizalyshayut for natural decontamination or disposal.

Solid product was washed with running water, remove the top layer, and if allowed to boiling, then change the water several times.

Meat, cheese, oil, located in unsealed containers are working by removing the infected nizhem layer thickness of at least 2 – 3 cm.

Potatoes, carrots, beets and other vegetables and fruits thoroughly wash water jet, for two triple washing achieved 80% removal of radioactive substances. When removing the skins of vegetables, followed by boiling them until soft is the final removal of radionuclides. Note that the highest compared with potatoes, carrots and other root vegetables filling strontium-90 is in red beets (6-8 times), so it is subject to the most careful consideration.

Milk contaminated with radioactive substances in the home is not used, it is recyclable in cottage cheese or butter. Vegetable oil stand for 3-5 days and the top layer are eaten.

Container of disinfecting products when using all ways and if it is clean it is used – if not, then be recycled.

Quality of food processing subject dosimetry control, if possible, you should check them in the laboratory of civil defense or SES.

Water purification from radioactive substances used several means: sedimentation, filtration, coagulation followed by settling, distillation. The first tool allows you to remove only insoluble radionuclides. Using coagulator (clay Kvasko, soda ash, phosphates) can remove up to 40% of the radionuclides strontium and cesium. Filtration through sand, peat, gravel cleaning can be achieved up to 70%.

In the countryside, the cottage (garden) plots treated water from contaminated water can be obtained by special order wells within 5 – 10 meters from the shore of the reservoir.Note that the bottom of the well should be below the surface of the water level in the reservoir. If the soil bank does not pass water, between the reservoir and a well arrange a filter trench or pipe.

The best results in removing radionuclides from water achieved by distillation or transmission through its ion-exchange resin.

If decontamination is being conducted in the input and output radiological control in accordance with the applicable common requirements in Ukraine permissible levels of radionuclides in food and drinking water (Requirements of AS-97).

Degassing of food crop production and processing – the removal of toxic substances and neutralizing them. The following methods of decontamination:

mechanical – for the decontamination of small areas of territory by removing contaminated PR layer and its isolation;

Physics – removing agents from the surface by rinsing solutions, the hot air or steam, evaporation outdoors in dezkamerah and by artificial drainage under the influence of wind, air, radiant heat;

Chemistry – transforming agents into harmless compounds in their interaction with decontaminating agents (oxidants, chlorinating, bleach, dvitretiholovna salt calcium hypochlorite, chloramines, etc.).

Originally degassed territory exterior surfaces of buildings, transportation, and agricultural raw materials, products processing, food.

Degassing of agricultural raw materials, production and processing of food contaminated with liquid toxic substances associated with difficulty and not always reliable. Based on the physical and chemical properties of agents and their contracting features products for decontamination of food pryminyayut mainly ventilation and removal of the external layer of the infected.

Airing effective for surface contaminated vapors agents when they do not dissolve in foods (cereals, sugar, etc.) and it is not effective for fat (butter, margarine, etc.), since agents are in the top layer in solution and at normal temperatures evaporate.

Degassing of food, agricultural raw materials and products of its processing, which is the highest category in the container is reduced to the degassing container that protects against RR, PR and BR.

Food, raw materials and processed products are stored in a sealed container vented containers washing with hot detergent solution, followed by water and dried by air or by hot air from Electroheaters, after which they are considered obezzarazhenymy and used for other purposes.

Degassing bulk products in tissue and paper bags (cereals, flour, starch, sugar, etc.), when infected individual drops OP is done by removing the infected parts (cutting of the bag with visible stains and removing agents through the cylinder without a bottom layer and cover products: cereals – 8 – 10 cm, sugar – 5 – 7 cm, flour – 3 – 5 cm).

Upon infection of raw materials and products of its processing and food drops or vapors OR:

bags of flour can pour water (4 liters of water per 1 sq. m. surface) after drying in 5-6 hours and the formation of crusts and unleash bag samples are taken at different locations. If contamination within the norms and embroidered flour sack transferred into a clean container, and if contamination above normal meal airs from several days to a month (depending on the type of agents);

sugar, cereals, salt is selected from the bags and scattered on a clean surface layer of 5 – 7 cm and ventilated for 2-5 days (depending on the season);

solid fats after decontamination of containers taken out of it and remove the top layer cut 1 cm thick, then put into a clean container and used for its intended purpose, solid fats are packaged in bricks after degassing container, they are sent for recycling;

sausages and semi-finished products after degassing container taken out of it and obsliduyutsya products that are faced with walls of container, in the presence decontaminating agents are potassium permanganate solution, then removed the shell, treated so products made ​​in a clean container and used in food at provaryuvanni in water within 2-3 hours and a temperature of 90 ° C, sausage and smoked sausage after treatment with potassium permanganate, washed with water and dried, and then immersed in warm water (50-60 ° C) and soak for 30-40 minutes and remove the shell, treated as manner sausage and smoked sausage subjected to heat treatment at 85 ° C for 90-120 minutes (depending on the diameter);

fish shallow contaminated agents killed, and a large washed with water, then cleaned and cut a layer thickness of 1 cm, head thrown back and washed with water (or soaked in water for 1.5-2 hrs.), cut into pieces and boiled, after the first boiling slyvayut water to clean and replace. The fish in the container dehazuyut after disinfection of containers, cleaned, washed and boiled. In uncovered container top two or three rows of fish kill;

meat is contaminated with chemical agents, dehazuyut follows: cut all fat, cover the carcass. Lesions land frozen meat cut to a depth of 1 – 2 cm, protected the meat is washed several times with water and cook for 2 hours before replacing the water after boiling clean. Duration of cooking for pork – 1.5 hours for beef – 3 hrs., And for lamb – 2.5 hours.Meat that infected a large number of agents kraplynnoridkymy be destroyed. Degassing of poultry carcasses by cleaning the affected persons, thorough cleaning and cooking for 1.5-2.5 hours with the addition of 0.5% salt, cheese and broth destroyed, while large stocks of poultry it is processed into sausages culinary-after decontamination;

Bread infected droplets and mist agents destroyed and contaminated vapor is heated at a temperature of 200-220 ° C for 20-30 minutes;

vegetable oil refining degassed implementation (luhovynnymy sorbents and steam);

fruits and vegetables vented doffer upper strata, washing with water, ventilation, and heavily infested club potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, etc. – destroy;

container dehazuyut using all ways and means, and with a strong infection destroying her.

Disinfection – a decontamination and destruction of infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, fungi, toxins, etc.) as well as the destruction of arthropods (insects, mites) pathogens, pests of raw materials, processed products and foodstuffs (disinsection).

Disinfection of raw materials, processed products and food that is in the container is reduced to disinfect containers (used bleach, bleach). After 1.5-2 hours after treatment container of disinfectant solution and wash with clean warm water if possible. Universal containers open and packed products in containers, wipe rags soaked in disinfectant solution, and after 30 min. washed with hot water. Products in containers higher and first category is allowed for use after disinfection of containers by boiling in 3% sodium bicarbonate solution for 30 minutes and 1 hour if the microbes created controversy.

Disinfection can be done in dezkamerah or autoclave at a temperature of 106-110 ° C for 40 minutes, while spore infection by microbes 90 minutes.

Disinfection of sugar, fats, bread, vegetables zdiysnyuyetsyatakym way:

Sugar can be used for tea compote by boiling the solution for 2 hours;

solid fats melt at a temperature of 130-135 ° C for 1 hour;

butter chunks (up to 1 kg) was heated for 2 hours from start boiling;

meat contaminated with spore forms of bacteria obezzarazhuyetsya within 24 hours. by immersing it in 15 minutes. in boiling water with the addition of 1% hydrochloric or acetic acid in the business of meat opera Rob tion industry it obezzarazhuyut sterilization in closed boilers in pieces 2 – 3 kg at 1.5 atmospheric pressure for 2.5 hours;

poultry carcasses disinfected cooking for 45-120 minutes or prozharka completely filled fat carcasses for 1-1.5 hours. at 120 ° C before the meat rozrubayut and washed in running water;

bread crumbs on obezzarazhuyetsya drying at 120 ° C, and the bread is packed in 3-ply paper disinfected by heat treatment at a temperature of 110-115 ° C for 1 hour;

fruits and vegetables disinfected by boiling, processing containers moist hot air. Potatoes and fresh vegetables obezzaazhuyutsya drugs in solutions of chlorine by wetting and holding for 40 minutes, followed by obmyvkoyu water.

Packaging disinfected using all available ways and means, and cardboard and paper packaging is burned.

If it is impossible or fruitless disinfection of raw materials and products of its processing and food, they sent for recycling businesses (processing technology), small stocks are destroyed.

In conducting decontamination and disinfection of raw materials and products of its processing and food provides constant input and output monitoring of contamination.

Members of teams (groups of links) protection of agricultural plants and employees of the business activity during decontamination, disinfection and decontamination decontamination work on production of agricultural raw materials, production and processing of food, these works should do them in personal protective equipment in compliance with personal safety .

Tools for partial and complete special treatment

Paragraph special treatment (PuSO) designated for complete decontamination of personnel and the public, complete deactivation, decontamination and disinfection of weapons, equipment, decontamination and disinfection of clothing, apparel, footwear and remedies. Expands to uncontaminated areas near or directly in the area of action forces the CO subject to special treatment.

Station disinfection of transport (WTO) established for full disinfection of equipment and transport non-military formations DPP. WTO is formed on a motor columns, garages, municipal fleets, service stations car, washing units, tram and trolleybus depot.

Features WTO on the basis of 20 hours a day :

–      on decontamination trucks running water hose – 90 m.;

–      for decontamination wiping rags dipped – 60 units.

The solution used for special treatment:

washing powder SF-2U – homogeneous fine dispersion powder from white to dark yellow, soluble in water at a temperature of 10-15 ^o C, packed in bags weighing 300, 500 and 750 g.

In a partial and complete sanitization of personnel decontamination, decontamination, disinfection of property and equipment are used as standard-issue kits, tools, bags, and other available materials. Individual chemical-EP-8 package

Individual chemical-EP-8 package used for disinfection liquid-drip agents who got on the exposed areas of the body and clothing.

Includes a bottle of decontaminating solution and 4 cotton-gauze swabs. After contact with agents on exposed body and clothing to moisten swab fluid from the vial and wipe it infected body sites and clothing. Vial fluid is poisonous if it enters the eye.

Decontaminating solution can be prepared with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide 3% solution of sodium hydroxide, taken in equal parts, or with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and 150 g of silica Clerical glue (at a rate of 1 L). You can use ammonia. Apply it the same as IPP-8.Avtomobilnyy kit for special handling DC-4        

Under the stability of an object refers to the ability of the economy enterprises, institutions, prevent the emergence of industrial accidents, resist the influence of damaging factors to prevent or reduce the threat to life and health of employees, material losses and ensure the restoration of production in minimum short term.

Sustainable work of industrial enterprises is:

a) the stability of engineering complex (buildings, structures, systems, power, gas, water supply, etc.) to external factors in accidents, disasters, and the application of modern weapons against them;

b) the stability of production activities (protection of personnel, reliability of control systems, renovation work in the short term).

  The essence of sustainability and the factors that affect it

Ensuring the sustainability of the object of the national economy in terms of the National Assembly – one of the main objectives of DPP.

Under the stability of the object the ability to understand it in NA output in the planned scope and range, perform all its functions, as in the case of an accident, disaster, damage – to restore production in the shortest time.

On the stability of operation of the facility management (OG) in NS affect the following factors:

▪ reliability of protection of workers and employees from the consequences of emergency situations – accidents, from primary and secondary factors of weapons of mass destruction (WMD);

▪ ability to engineering complex object to resist these influences;

▪ reliability of supply everything necessary for the object of producing goods (raw materials, fuel, energy, gas, water, etc.);

▪ stability and continuity of production management and CO;

▪ preparedness object to the rescue, and other net-work poses (RiINR) and recovery operations.

▪ the placement of the object;

▪ internal planning and development of the territory;

▪ industrial relations;

▪ Management System;

▪ supply systems;

▪ process;

▪ readiness to resume production.

 

From the above follow the basic requirements for stability fu-nktsionuvannya ONH in peacetime to prevent a situation like Chernobyl. The requirements laid down in the rules of design engineering activities (YTZ) CO, as well as developed on their basis of normative documents.