BACHELOURATE NURSING PROGRAM
Community
and Public Health Nursing
PRACTICUM
METHODICAL INSTRUCTION
FOR
PRACTICAL CLASS #3 (5 hours)
|
Theme: |
Theories applied to Community Health Nursing |
|
Aim: |
To learn about modern nursing theories applied to
Community Health Nursing and to be able to use them in your practice. |
|
Professional
orientation of students |
In nursing’s early history, knowledge was
extremely limited and almost entirely task oriented. As nursing knowledge
grew, so too did a means to organize information systematically. As nursing
advanced professionally, theories were used to analyze client care situations
and communicate with other nurses. Nursing theory is necessary for the
continued development and evolution of the discipline of nursing. |
|
Instructor: |
__________________________________________________ |
OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain what is meant by a theory and a model of nursing
2. Discuss the main features of at least two theories of nursing:
a.
b. Roper, Logan & Tierney
c.
Callister Roy’s model
Examples of Multiple Choice Tests
Identify
the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. All
of the following statements about the term theory are true EXCEPT
|
a. |
propositions
are structural elements of theory |
|
b. |
a
theory is a set of concepts and propositions that provides an orderly way to
view phenomena |
|
c. |
description,
explanation, and prediction are the purpose of theory |
|
d. |
use
of the term theory is restricted to the scientific world |
____ 2. Nursing's metaparadigm differs
from that of medicine's because nursing's metaparadigm
|
a. |
has
been in existence longer |
|
b. |
is
broader and focuses on the person, health, and the environment |
|
c. |
is
focused on the curing of disease |
|
d. |
is
focused on acute needs of the client |
____ 3. Who
was an author of a theory that focused on self-care?
|
a. |
Nightingale |
c. |
Abdellah |
|
b. |
Levine |
d. |
|
Answer
Section
1. ANS: D
2. ANS: B
3. ANS: D
1. Allender, J. A., Spradley, B.W. (2001). Community Health Nursing: Concepts and
Practice (5th edition). Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; 5th edition (January 15, 2001). 799 pages. ISBN-13:
978-0781721226.
2. Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2000). Community and Public Health
Nursing (5th Edition)
3. Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2006). Foundations of Nursing in the
Community: Community-Oriented Practice (2nd Edition)
4. Allender, J. A., Spradley, B.W. (2004). Community Health
Nursing: Promoting and Protecting the Public's Health (6th Edition) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004. – 992 p.
Additional readings:
1. Fawcett, J. (2000). Analysis and
evaluation of contemporary nursing knowledge: Nursing models and theories.
2. Nursing theorists: Portraits of excellence;
Nursing theorists: Excellence in action [videos].
Practicum Outline (11:00 am till 13:00
pm)
1. Personal
work: In written form analyze early nursing theory and
compare/contrast with more contemporary nursing theories.
2.
Group work:
a.
Prepare short PPT
presentation that will explain the concept of
b.
Prepare short PPT
presentation that will analyze Roper, Logan & Tierney Theory.
c.
Prepare short PPT
presentation that will explain Callister Roy’s model.
3.
Personal work: Design an eclectic nursing theory by
combining constructs from the
Students discussion (13:15 pm till 14:00 pm)
The topic of discussion:
“Your own definitions of person, environment, health, and nursing.” How do your own definitions compare to various nursing theorists’
definitions or descriptions?
Person—Students may describe
person as the client, the sum of many parts, or human beings. The person can be
an individual, family, community, or other groups who are participants in
nursing rather than a recipient. (Fawcett, 2000) Nightingale referred to person
only as a patient in most of her writings.
Environment—Students may describe
the environment as the place where a person lives and works. “Environment also
refers to all the local, regional, national, and worldwide cultural, social,
political, and economic conditions that are associated with the person’s
health.” (Fawcet, 200, p. 5)
Health—Often
defined by students as occurring on a continuum between wellness and illness.
Betty Neuman defined health as the condition in which
all parts and subparts are in harmony with the whole of the client. Nightingale
defined health as being well and using to the fullest extent every power we
have.
Nursing—“Nursing refers to the
definition of nursing, the actions taken by nurses on behalf of or in
conjunction with the person, and the goals or outcomes of nursing actions.
Nursing actions typically are viewed as a systematic process of assessment,
labeling, planning, intervention and evaluation.” (Fawcet,
2000, p. 5) Dorothea Orem proposed that nursing systems are formed when nurses
use their abilities to prescribe, design, and provide nursing for persons with
a range of types of self-care deficits. Madeline Leininger
defined nursing as a learned humanistic art and science that focuses on
personalized care behaviors, functions, and processes directed toward promoting
and maintaining health behaviors or recovery from illness, which have physical,
psycho-cultural, and social significance or meaning for those being assisted
generally by a professional nurse or one with similar role competencies.
Discussion of tasks
fulfilled during practical part.
Give
answers using textbooks:
1. Define concepts and propositions. How are
concepts and propositions related to theory?
2. How have nonnursing
theories influenced the development of nursing theories?
3. What is the purpose of nursing theory?
4. Describe the relationship between nursing theory,
practice, and research.
5. Identify and define the four metaparadigm
concepts in nursing.
6. How has
7. How do nursing theories influence standards of
nursing practice?
8. Define Functional Health Patterns as a
middle-range theory.
POP-QUIZ (14:15 pm till 15:00
pm)
Prepared by
Nataliya
Haliyash
20/01/2008
Approved by
Department of General Patient Care. Minute #8 from
January 14, 2008
Revised by Department
Meeting. Minute #12 from June 17, 2008
Director of
Answers to review questions:
1.
Concepts and propositions are the structural elements of a theory.
Concepts are vehicles of thought that label phenomena or observable facts. They
provide mental images for objects. Propositions explain the linkages, or
relationships, between concepts. Concepts are the building blocks of a theory.
Propositions explain how the concepts fit together within the theory.
2.
Other disciplines such as the biologic, physical, and social sciences
are commonly used to support nursing practice. Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs from psychology influenced a number of nursing theories such
as those of Henderson and Abdellah, which speak to
nursing in meeting basic human needs. Von Bartlaffny’s
general system theory directly relates to the biologic sciences and the
interdependence of human systems. Both Maslow and Von
Bartlaffny have influenced Gordon’s Functional Health
Patterns, which capitalize on the interdependence of human systems and a needs
assessment of all the parts to explain the greater whole.
3.
The purpose of nursing theory is to provide an orderly view of the
phenomena called nursing. It describes, explains, and predicts nursing by
organizing the specific information that explains nursing.
4.
Nursing theory, practice, and research are interrelated. Practice, the
focal point of nursing, is the raw material from which theory is derived.
Nursing research tests and validates theory, which transforms and informs
nursing practice.
5.
The four metaparadigm concepts of nursing
theory are person—the individual, family, or group of interest; health—a
continuum of wellness to terminal illness of the individuals; environment—the
place or community where care is provided; and nursing—the actions or interactions
of the nurse with a client. Newer theorists, such as Watson, suggest that
caring—the essence of nursing as a central and unifying focus for
practice—should be included as a metaparadigm
concept.
6.
Florence Nightingale did not develop a nursing theory, but her
philosophy of nursing, which emphasized the care of the person instead of
illness in a clean environment, has been central to nursing theory and practice
since the end of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, her influence
could be seen in the
7.
Standards of practice are developed out of nursing theories. Nursing
research guided by nursing theory helps to identify safe nursing practices.
Specific nursing organizations, such as the American Nurses Association, the
American Association of Critical Care Nurses, and the Association of Operating
Room Nurses, set nursing practice standards based on the nursing theories and
research.
8.
Middle-range theories explain and guide nursing practice. Gordon’s
Functional Health Patterns are a systematic holistic approach to the assessment
and evaluation of human needs. The individual assessment enables the nurse to
develop specific nursing diagnoses and a plan of care for the client.