Material for preparation for the practical lesson number 1

Topic 1. Regulatory Principles of Civil Protection in Ukraine. (3 hrs.)

v International humanitarian law to protect the life and health of the affected population.

v The state as a guarantor of human security in conditions of emergency. State policy in the sphere of security and protection for people in emergency situations.

v The Constitution of Ukraine on the protection of life, health and human security. Laws of Ukraine and other normative documents on protection of the population from emergencies.

v Unified state system of civil protection of population and territories from emergency situations of technogenic and natural character, structure and modes of activity. Goals, objectives, principles of civil protection and territories. Forces and civil defense assets.

v The concept of emergency. Classification and main causes of emergency in Ukraine. Medical and health consequences of natural disasters and man-made disasters. Emergency socio-political nature and their consequences.

STATE POLICY CIVIL PROTECTION IN UKRAINE

Emergencies

Introduction

During emergencies the potential danger to life and health

people appear in greater numbers, more likely negative

consequences.

Threats to life at the National Assembly are divided into external and internal.

External threats related to security of the population and the state

when solving modern warfare or local armed conflicts, the emergence of global environmental catastrophes.

Internal threats associated with anthropogenic and natural origin or

provoked terrorist actions.

At the turn of the third millennium, humanity has reached a sufficiently high scientific,

technological and industrial progress, which created the conditions for a large concentration radiation-chemical and explosive companies increased likelihood of man-made emergencies. Huge loss for men also cause elemental forces of nature.

Implications of the National Assembly can be significantly reduced in the exercise time

appropriate measures to prevent and respond to emergencies.

Every citizen under the Constitution of Ukraine is entitled to protection

his life and health from the effects of accidents, natural disasters,

the use of weapons and demand guaranteed realization of

rights of the executive, managers, organizations, institutions regardless of ownership and subordination.

The state as a guarantor of rights creates and develops a single national

system of civil protection.

Civil protection - a civil defense and protection of population and territories

of anthropogenic and natural origin.

In the lecture dealt with the issue of civil protection facilities

management: a set of measures to ensure the safety of life at Emergency peace and war, and rescue techniques that threaten the lives and health of people, causing material damage.

1. Legal and institutional framework and principles of civil protection

Saturation in Ukraine industrial facilities in several times

exceeds the saturation of developed European countries. Almost a third of these

companies (about 7.5 million) is a potential danger. Entire regions are an area with an extremely high risk of accidents and disasters caused by man, because that kill people, destroyed wealth, compounded by the conditions of production and life. This risk is constantly increasing as the level of depreciation of equipment most industrial businesses close to critical.

The consequences of human impacts on the environment are becoming

more tangible shape, especially in cases where the effect of natural and

anthropogenic factors fall into the resonance. Do not rule out the possibility

outbreak of war with weapons of mass destruction. therefore prevent emergency situations and liquidation of their consequences, the maximum reduction extent of loss or damage acquired the status of a national problem.

Civil protection is carried out according to the following principles:

- Security of citizens' constitutional right to protection of life, health

and their property;

- A obrovilnist encourage people to take measures in the field of civil

protection;

- The complexity of problem solving civil protection;

- Rationality economically viable to reduce the risk Emergencies and mitigation of their consequences;

- Territorial and functional principle of a single system

civil protection;

- Openness, free access to information on civil protection

accordance with applicable law.

2. Unified State System of Civil Protection of Population and Territories

Unified State System of Civil Protection and territories (hereinafter Common system of civil protection (EC CH)) is created to ensure implementation of public policies aimed at ensuring the safety and security population and territory, material and cultural values of the environment negative effects of NA in peacetime and crisis, overcoming the consequences of emergencies.

The main objectives YESTSZ:

• prediction and assessment of socio-economic impact of the National Assembly;

• Development and implementation of measures to prevent

NA;

• the creation, preservation and rational use of material

resources needed to prevent the National Assembly;

• alert the public about the threat and Emergencies, timely

information on the situation and the measures taken;

• organization of population and territory in the case of the National Assembly;

• rescue and other urgent work to eliminate

effects of NA and organization of livelihood of the affected

population;

• supervision and control of civil protection;

• providing operational assistance to the population in case of

adverse domestic or unusual situations;

• learning ways to protect the public in case of NA and

household non-standard situations;

• International cooperation in the field of civil protection.

SUMMARY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON PROTECTION OF PEOPLE

During the war, people should adhere to certain standards of humanity even for the enemy. These rules are set out mainly in the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and with the force so far:

"On the Amelioration of the Wounded and sick in the army";

"On the Amelioration of the Wounded, Sick and those members of armed forces at sea, shipwrecked";

"On the Treatment of Prisoners of War";

"On the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War."

In modern war the Geneva Convention are not always able to provide all necessary protection to victims. Therefore, June 8, 1977, at the initiative of the ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross), in Geneva, representatives of 102 countries at the diplomatic conference adopted two Additional Protocols of the Geneva Conventions of 1949.

The basis of the Geneva Conventions taken the principle of respect for the human person and human dignity. Conventions demands are: persons not taking direct part in hostilities, and persons incapacitated due to illness, injury, taking prisoner or because of other reasons - you need to respect, to protect against the effects of war, and to all who need it provide the necessary assistance or adequate care.

Because of this protection Additional Protocols apply to every person who suffered from armed conflict. Moreover, the parties involved in the conflict and combatants are obliged to refrain from attacking civilians and civilian objects, and to conduct their military operations in accordance with generally accepted rules and laws of humanity. All four Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols to protect victims of war. But each of these instruments has its own functions and applications.

First and Second Geneva Convention protect the wounded, sick, and those who are shipwrecked. All such persons shall enjoy the patronage and protection under any circumstances. Forbidden to encroach on their lives and cause them any harm. they have chosen, to treat them humanely and provide them with the best possible and as quickly as possible medical care, if required by their state.

In the case of the capture of wounded, sick or people with the armed forces of the enemy, shipwrecked, each of the opponents should provide them with such care as their own wounded.

No dead body should not be given land, sea or incineration without proper preliminary recognition and statement of death by, if possible, a medical examination.

Civilians under those Conventions shall respect the wounded, sick and, sick and shipwrecked, even if they belong to the enemy side and must not allow violence to them.Civilians are allowed to choose and take care of the wounded and sick without distinction between them, and so they should not be subjected to any punishment or persecution.Instead, these individuals belong to show support for their actions.

In addition to the protection of the sick and wounded, First and Second Geneva Convention gives special attention to the protection of medical and religious personnel, equipment and facilities, and personnel (administrators, drivers, cooks, etc.). Last used permanently or temporarily solely for administrative support medical units or medicaltransports.

Personnel under the Convention is binding recognize the emblem Red Cross or Red Crescent on a white background and identity. It can have a gun for self-defense or defense of their wounded and sick.

Once in the hands of the enemy, a person from the spiritual or medical personnel should be allowed to continue to perform their duties to care for the wounded and sick.

Third Geneva Convention defines a combatant status and viyskovopo lonenoho. Under the Convention, persons belonging to the armed forces in conflict are combatants (except medical and religious personnel), and any combatant who falls into the power of another party, it is war.

Prisoners of war, except officers, may be the claim to do the job for a small fee in an environment that is not worse than the working conditions of citizens of the state, which holds prisoners. But they should not be forced to military activities and to the dangerous work that threatens their health or humiliating work. At the beginning of war captivity should get a chance to tell their families and the Central Investigation Agency of the ICRC.

And another position for which appropriate note: "The text of the Convention will be posted in each camp prisoners to give prisoners the opportunity at any time to learn about your rights and responsibilities.

The Fourth Geneva Convention "emphasizes certain basic standards of protection regarding each person that touches armed conflict, regardless of their nationality or territory in which it resides. Particular attention is paid Fourth Convention civilians (who are ruled by the enemy) that share into two categories:

civilians who are in the country of the enemy;

population of the occupied territory.

Both of these categories under any circumstances, have the right to respect for their person, honor, family rights, religious beliefs, rituals, habits and customs. Always with them must be treated humanely, they should not apply coercive measures. Do departatsiya or expulsion of the population. All sorts involving compulsory labor is limited by strict rules.Example, or in any case can not involve employment of persons under the age of 18 years, and working prohibits forced to do any work that would have forced them to take part in military operations.

Party occupied, must take care about the fate of children, to support health services and health services, as well as monitor the supply of the population.

As for civilians who are in the enemy country, they can leave it if it does not interfere with security concerns.

Permission presence in these areas, of persons, according to the Con vention, personal defense and police forces submitted in support of law and order. Party is in control of this zone shall as far as possible, to identify signs of agreed with the con fliktuyuchoyu side perimeter on highways and elsewhere.

These major provisions of the Convention and the Additional Protocols must know not only the leaders of all levels of government, but also every citizen of any country.

Tasks and activities of civil defense in accordance with the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols.

Section 6 of the Fourth Convention, entirely devoted to civil defense and supplemented by the First Additional Protocol. Article 61 defines the scope and Civil Defence.

Civil defense is to perform some or all of these below humanitarian tasks intended to protect the civilian population from danger and help break the direct effects of war or disaster, and creating the conditions necessary for its survival.

These tasks are:

· notification;

· evacuation;

· providing storage and equipment;

· of blackout measures;

· rescue;

· medical services, including first aid, and religious assistance;

· Firefighting;

· detection and identification of hazardous areas;

· decontamination and similar protective measures;

· urgent housing and supplies;

· emergency assistance in the establishment and maintenance of order in distressed areas;

· urgent renovation required utilities;

· expeditious disposal of the dead;

· aid in the preservation of objects essential to survival;

· additional activity that is necessary for the exercise of any of the above guidance tasks as well as planning and organizing their implementation, and others;

"Civil Defense" - those establishments and other units that are organized or authorized by the competent authority of a Party to the conflict to perform any of these tasks, and are used only for their implementation.

"Personnel" of civil defense organizations defines such persons that are party to the conflict exclusively to the performance of tasks GO:

· date of departure of the child from their country and the name of the place where it went;

· religion of the child;

· address of the host country child (if the child died before his return);

· date, place, circumstances of death and place of burial.

International humanitarian law that protects people from the consequences of war concerns all of us, but it is still not known to people. In what

circumstances can invoke this right, and what protection it can provide?

"Humanitarian law is a branch of public international law, it has penetrated the spirit of humanity and focused on the protection of individuals." This quote, borrowed from JeanPique, defines the scope of application of this law, which aims - to "alleviate the suffering of all victims of armed conflict who have fallen into the hands of the enemy - the wounded, sick, shipwrecked, prisoners of war and civilians."

Original posted by the Geneva Conferences in Geneva August 12, 1949, original Protocols Additional to the Geneva Conventions published in Geneva June 8, 1977 in French and English originals of these Conventions and their annexes are kept in the archives of the Swiss Confederation, and certified copies provided by the Swiss Federal Council each of the signatory and joined them.

Classification of Emergencies and disasters

In the global and domestic literature there are several dozen definitions of disasters.

The World Health Organization provides a classification of catastrophes in origin (meteorological, topological, telluric and tectonic, accidents).

Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated July 15, 1998 № 1099 taken at Paul tion on the classification of the National Assembly, in which the basic concept and classification of disasters.

Terms used in this Regulation shall have the following meanings:

accident - Dangerous manmade event that creates the object, area or wc and trajectories threat to human life and health and leads to the destruction of buildings, structures, equipment d ment and vehicles to disruption of production or transportation process or prejudice the environment;

emergencies (NA) - disruption of normal living conditions and activities at the facility or area caused by accident, disaster, natural disaster or other dangerous pod and his family, which led (can pr and reduced) loss of life and / or significant material losses;

natural hazards - an event naturally occurring or the result of the nature of these processes q, which by its intensity, the prevalence and duration can affect people, objects, and to the economy of the stakes;

Potentially dangerous object - the object on which used, manufactured, per e roblyayutsya, stored or transported hazardous radioactive pozhezhovybuhovi, CSSR chemical and biological substances and agents, civil engineering and transport facilities, vehicles and other items that pose a real threat of the National Assembly;

economic losses from emergency - Priced appropriately loss is not cause this situation;

disaster - Large-scale disaster or other event that results in serious and tragic region and conse quences;

Classification of Emergencies - system whereby the National Assembly are divided into classes and subclasses according to their nature;

classification attribute NA - technical or other characteristics of emergency, which gives Pts gu relate it to the extreme;

threshold classifications NA - Determined in the prescribed manner and CH tion technology or other characteristics of a particular emergency, above which relates to the level of extraordinary situation and tea and requires the appropriate level of response.

According to the causes of situations that can negotiate for Emergencies ter trajectories and Ukraine are distinguished:

NA emergencies: transport accident (accident), fire, unprovoked choices in their chi or threat of release of the accident (the threat of release) of hazardous chemicals, radioactive, biological agents, the sudden destruction of buildings and construction accident utilities and spores in Jenny Living , hydrodynamic accident dams etc..

NA natural character dangerous geological, meteorological, hydrological and marine Ave and snovodni phenomena, land degradation and mineral resources, natural fires, the change of air and Basse well, infectious disease people, farm animals, rural mass destruction b kohospodarskyh plant diseases or pests, changes in of water resources and the biosphere more.

NA socio-political nature relating to unlawful acts of terrorism and protykonstytutsiynoho character exercise or real threat of terrorist attack (ing weapons and attack and capture the content of critical facilities, nuclear facilities and materials, communications and telecommunications, assault or attempted aircraft crew or ship), theft (attempted theft) or destroyed ships, taking hostages, the use of explosives and Prospect stosuvan in public places, kidnapping, or use of weapons, ammunition and more.

PSD military-related effects of weapons of mass destruction or conventional weapons, in which there are repeated factors damage the population because of the destruction of nuclear and hydro power stations, storage facilities and radioactive and then rolled sychnyh substances and wastes, petroleum products, explosives, vehicles utilities, and so on.

According to the spatial distribution, the amount deposited or expected economic losses, the number of people killed, defined four levels of emergencies: with a eral at national, regional, local and Object:

to the national level is the National Assembly, which develops in two or more regions (Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Kyiv and Sevastopol) or threatens him transkordo district transfer, as well as when to eliminate it necessary material and technical resources in quantities that exceed own capabilities specific region (the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Kyiv and Sevastopol), but not less than one percent of the amount corresponding to S jets;

at the local level is the National Assembly, which takes place in two or more admin and tive areas (cities of regional importance), the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, oblasts, cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol or threatened transfer to the territory of Ukraine related field, and t as well as in cases where for its elimination requires material and technical resources to the extent that the verification and schuyut own abilities some areas, but not less than one percent of the amount of dep at Vienna's budget;

the local level is the National Assembly, which goes beyond the potentially dangerous object, threatening the spread of the situation or its secondary effects on the environment, neighboring towns, engineering, as well as when to eliminate it necessary material and technical resources in amounts that exceed their capabilities potentially dangerous object, but not less than one percent of the amount corresponding budget. The local level is also NAL zhat all emergencies that occur on objects of housing and communal services and other non-approved lists of potentially dangerous objects;

site level to include all NA are not covered by zazn and admission determination.

For health the main criterion for determining disaster and NA is the number of pos t razhdalyh, including the victims.

Emergency - a situation caused by a natural or technological disaster, in which there is a sharp disparity between the need for medical care and the opportunity it is for e tion available forces and means of health using everyday forms and m is todiv work.

The catastrophe in this case acts as an acute form of social pathology in general and as honey and Êîî and social problem in particular.

During a disaster emergency to understand, designed by nature or active c rd person and accompanied by mass destruction of people from all the features of pathology and exit from the system of health care facilities, for the disaster you'd bna assistance capabilities from outside the area disasters using special forms and methods of their work.

Therefore, during the massive loss of population to be understood emergency situation in which the number of infected, requiring medical attention, superior capabilities in a timely manner of its provision available in the disaster zone capabilities of health care.

MEDICAL AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF DISASTERS.

Natural disaster - a natural phenomenon that occurs suddenly and causes a dramatic disruption of the population, destruction and loss of life, destruction of property.Elemental evil inherent in common: a large spatial scale, significant impact on the environment, a strong psychological impact on people.

Determine the 4 groups of natural disasters:

- tectonic (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions);

- topological (floods, debris flows, landslides, snow avalanches);

- Weather (storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, snow, heat, drought, fire);

- Space (meteorites and other cosmic catastrophes).

Natural fires

Fire - a spontaneous, uncontrollable human spread of fire. They are classified into natural fires (wood, peat, prairie, field) and fires in populated areas (individual, mass, solid).

The destructive influence of wind

The main cause of storms, hurricanes, tornadoes are cyclonic activity atmosphere. Characteristics of these phenomena is the wind speed. In the tables below Beaufort Scale, which allows to imagine the destructive power of the wind on its velocity:

Beaufort Scale

Scores	Wind Speed m / s	Characteristics of Wind	Effects of Wind
0	0-0.5	Calm	The complete absence of wind
1	0,6-1,7	Quiet	The smoke from the chimney vidhylyuyetsya
2	1,8-3,3	Easy	Air movement deviates
3	3,4-5,2	Weak	Weak small twigs
4	5,3-7,4	Moderate	Weak thin stem
5	7,5-9,8	Fresh	Vary large branches of trees
6	9,9-12,4	Strong	Telephone wires humming
7	12,5-15,2	Solid	Loose trunks of small trees
8	15,3-18,2	Perdurable	Broken branches of trees
9	18,3-21,5	Storm (Storm)	Tile breaks
10	21,6-25,1	Strong storm	Trees bursting with roots
11,	25,2-29,0	Violent storm	Large fracture
12,	More than 29.0	Hurricane (Typhoon)	Leads to devastating actions

Landslides - a moving mass of rock crawling down the slope under the force of gravity. Up to 90% displacement falls in the area are located at an altitude of 100 to 1700 meters above sea level. They occur on slopes with slope over 20 degrees, mostly along the river banks in Carpathians and Crimea.

The main causes of injuries and deaths in mudslides and landslides are:

- Collapse people soil, rocks, trees;

- Causing injury objects falling (stone, wood);

- Collapse people in destroyed buildings;

- Capture people turbulent flow of water or mudflow mass.

Village. Variety of flooding is sel. It suddenly arises at the mouth of the rivers flow of water, sand, clay, rubble stones and boulders. The cause mudslides are heavy rains, heavy snow and melting mountain glaciers, earthquakes.

Sel is characterized by a sharp rise in water level, wave motion, the influence of non-durable (1 - 3 hours) and a significant disruptive effect.

By selenebezpechnyh regions are areas of the Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains. Examples selya be an event that happened in Kiev March 13, 1961, the area source, when mud flow up to 4 meters mounted Kurenivka (Kyiv region).

Flood - a temporary flooding of large areas of ground water as a result of raising the water level in rivers and other bodies of water, damage to hydraulic and more.

The main causes of flooding may be heavy rains, heavy snow melt, annual floods. Especially dangerous flooding arising from the sudden rush of dams and hydro dams, landslides or avalanches of rocks.

When catastrophic floods in flooded areas providing 4 flood zone depending on the speed of water flow, wave height and the distance between the dam and towns and travel time wave break:

The first zone - the zone of catastrophic flooding is directly adjacent to the beginning hydraulic or natural phenomena. Wave height can reach several meters and speed of 30 km / h or more. The average length of this zone can be up to 10 km. The time of wave break of 30-60 minutes.

The second zone - the zone of rapid flow. Flow rate - 15 - 20 km / h. Length of area 15 - 25 km. The time of wave 1-4 hours.

The third zone - the zone of high flow. Flow rate of 10 - 15 km / h, length 30 -50 km. The time of wave - more than 4 hours.

The fourth zone - the zone of weak flow (flood zone). Flow rate of 6 - 10 km / h. Length depends on the terrain and can be 35 - 70 km. from hydro or natural sources.

Earthquakes - it tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from breaks in the crust and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic waves. According to world statistics on the fate of earthquakes accounted for 15% of all natural disasters, but the nature of the human and material losses they occupy the first place. The intensity of earthquakes is rewarded international Richter scale.

1 point earthquake recorded only by special devices:

- 2-3 points - weak;

- 4 points - moderate;

- 5 points - very powerful;

- 6.7 points - powerful;

- 8 points - destructive;

- 9-10 points - very destructive;

- 11-12 points - catastrophic.

Depending on the intensity of ground vibrations are 4 zones of destruction:

A - area of complete devastation - 100% damage (11-12 points);

B - zone of heavy destruction - 50-90% damage (9-10 points);

B - medium area damage - 30-50% damage (7-8 points);

D - Zone weaknesses destruction - 10-30% damage (5-6 points).

As a result of the earthquake, the following types of injuries:

- Fractures of different locations;

- Traumatic amputation;

- Syndrome of long-term compression or crushing;

- A head injury;

- Psychological disorders;

- Infectious disease.

EMERGENCY SOCIO-POLITICAL NATURE AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES

Emergency social and political concern:

1. Social and political conflicts:

a) war as an extreme manifestation of political conflict;

b) terrorism, types of terrorism.

2. Crime situation in the country.

3. Social risk: alcohol and smoking.

4. Natural and social risk - epidemic, social ills, addiction and AIDS.

5. Natural and man-made hazards: acid rain, dust storms, reducing soil fertility, the occurrence of deserts.

Socio-political risk often arise in social and political conflicts. Sources of conflict include: social inequality that exists in society and the system of separation of values such as power, social prestige, wealth, education.

Conflict - a clash of opposing interests, opinions, controversial, complications, fighting warring parties and different levels of participants.

There are two forms of current conflicts:

- Open - frank confrontation, clash, fight;

- Closed or latent, when there is no outright opposition, but does not stop the invisible struggle.

a) War - Is the armed struggle between nations (their coalitions) or social, ethnic and other communities, in a figurative sense - an extreme degree of political struggle, hostile relations between particular political forces.

b) Terrorism - a form of political extremism, using the most brutal methods of violence, including the killing of people to achieve certain goals.

There are three main types of terrorism: political, religious and criminal.

The most common acts of terrorism in the world are:

- Attacks on government or industrial facilities that result in property damage, as well as an effective means of intimidation and show of force;

- The seizure of state agencies or embassies (accompanied by hostage-taking, causing a serious public outcry);

- Seizure of aircraft or other transport equipment (political motivation - liberation from prison mates party, criminal motivation - ransom);

- Violence against the person of the victim (for intimidation or propaganda purposes);

- Abduction (to political blackmail for political concessions or release prisoners, form self);

- Political murder (this is one of the most radical means of conducting combat terrorism, murder, within the meaning of terrorists must free people from tyranny);

- Explosions or mass murder (designed for psychological effect, fears and insecurities of people).

Crime situation in the country.

Global crime - another acute social problem of our time. Number of registered crimes in the world is growing at an average of 5% annually.

Social risk: alcohol and tobacco

Alcohol - a universal poison which acts on the whole body. Alcohol abuse leads to mental disorders. Often occurring mental disorders such as delirium tremens, alcoholic hallucinosis, alcoholic delirium, epilepsy.

Smoking. Mortality Today Ukraine is determined primarily by non-communicable diseases, is closely related to the widespread risk factors that are characteristic of human behavior. These include smoking - the main cause of premature death, which can be prevented. Tobacco - a risk factor for more than 25 diseases.

Natural and social hazards

Epidemic - The mass distribution of infectious human disease in any locality, a country which is far above the general level of morbidity.

Social Disease - a disease of human origin and distribution of which is associated mainly with unfavorable socio-economic conditions (sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, etc.)..

Botkin's disease or viral hepatitis, a fairly common viral infection.

TB epidemic in Ukraine has become a reality.

Food poisoning. Pathogens food poisoning unlike food pathogens infections can live and multiply on foods. At the same foods become toxic due to accumulated toxins in them. Feature food poisoning is very fast display signs of illness. The most dangerous is botulism food poisoning and poisoning, causing staphylococci.

Diseases that are transmitted sexually. In recent years Ukraine has dramatically worsened the situation regarding the incidence of disease, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

- Disease causing viruses - brilliant herpes, AIDS, viral warts brilliant etc. Parasitic - Scabies et al., Optimal conditions for transfer are created during sexual intercourse, bacterial - syphilis, gonorrhea, and various urethritis, bacterial vaginosis, yeast - Genital candidiasis et al., can occur without infection, and as a result of antibiotic therapy, but also sexually transmitted.

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. According to the UN and WHO in the world there are 50 million people infected with human immunodeficiency virus. More than 16 million people have died of AIDS. Majority of infections account for African countries. Half of all new infections account for young people aged 15-24 years.

Drugs and drug addiction. Number of drug addicts is increasing worldwide, including in Ukraine.

Natural and man-made hazards.

One of the main concepts of ecology and the object of study is a "biosphere". During the biosphere realize a thin layer of air, water and soil throughout the world, in which there are growing living organisms. There are a number of environmental factors, the most interesting of which is anthropogenic - human activity that is associated with the development of civilization. Ecological importance of this factor came in the second half of the 20th century as a result of active human impact on the biosphere. It led to:

1. Changes in the structure of the earth's surface (plowing of the steppes, deforestation, violations of the surface water reclamation, artificial lakes and seas);

2. Changes in the composition of the biosphere (mining, emissions into the atmosphere and water bodies of different chemicals);

3. Changes of thermal balance of certain regions of the globe;

4. Changes in the composition of living organisms of the biosphere (disappearance of certain species, new animal breeds and plant varieties, changing their place of residence).

The features of scientific and technological progress, leading to environmental disasters are:

1. A significant increase in the volume of industrial production.

2. The emergence of new environmentally hazardous equipment and technology.

3. Accumulation of huge stocks of chemical plants are dangerous to the environment and human health SDYAV.

4. Consumption of non-renewable natural resources (oil, gas, coal).

5. Increasing complexity of technical systems with which people interact.

MEDICAL AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF DISASTERS

Accidents at radiation hazardous objects.

Among the potentially hazardous industries occupy a special place radiation dangerous objects. These include nuclear power plants, nuclear heat and power, nuclear plants heating companies manufacture and processing of nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, research and design organizations that operate nuclear plants, nuclear power plants to transportation and other facilities.

In the world, operating more than 450 nuclear power reactors that provide about 20% (35% in Europe) of all electricity generated.

On the territory of Ukraine has four nuclear power plants with 14 reactors that produce 40% of electricity, two research nuclear reactors and about 800 businesses and organizations that use radioactive substances in the production, research work and medical practice.

Radiological accident - an accident, associated with the release of radioactive products and (or) release of ionizing radiation envisioned for the normal operation of radiation dangerous object boundaries in quantities exceeding the established limits of safety operation of the facility.

During a radiological emergency occurring zones of radioactive contamination of the environment.

International Agency for Atomic Energy use (IAEA) adopted scale to assess risk of a nuclear accident.

The level of accident	Hazard	Evaluation Criteria
0	Below the level scale	There is no danger
1	A small event	Deviations from limits reactor operation
2	Event middle severity	Event with potential consequences for safety
3	Serious Event	Small output, population exposure below the permissible dose, pollution, overexposure of personnel
4	The accident within the plant	Small output, population exposure within permissible dose, partial damage to the reactor core, acute health effects staff
5	Accident risk to the environment	A limited release, the implementation of plans for the protection of personnel and public
6	Severe accident	Significant emissions, the implementation of plans for the protection of personnel and the public in full, substantial damage to the reactor core
7	Global failure	Great release, significant harm to human health and the environment over large areas

The Chernobyl disaster (1986) was estimated at 7 level scale IAEA. The explosion and destruction of the 4th unit killed 31 people. personnel and firefighters (including 28 people. from acute radiation sickness). ARS occurred in 145 people. - Liquidators of the accident. Among the evacuees crashed ARS is not set, but above the permissible dose received over 150 thousand, including 69 thousand children. As a result of the accident was the radionuclide contaminated territories of Ukraine (3420 km ^2), which lived more than 11 million people., As well as in Belarus (16.5 ^km2) and Russia (8.1 ^km2).

The main factors affecting radiation accidents are radiation exposure and radioactive contamination. Accidents can begin and be accompanied by explosions and fires.

Of these, long a major role in the dynamics of radiation play a biologically hazardous radionuclides: cesium-137, strontium-90, plutonium-239.

Radiation exposures are people, animals, plants and equipment sensitive to radiation.

Sanitary loss thus can be from 22 to 33% of the area average. Their structure may be as follows:

- Heavily damaged - 44%

- Moderate - 34%

- Easily affected - 22%

Accidents on chemically hazardous facilities.

By chemically hazardous facilities include:

- Chemical, petrochemical and refining industries;

- Enterprises equipped with industrial refrigeration plants, wastewater treatment plants and waterworks, which use chlorine to disinfect water;

- Warehouses and bases with stocks SDYAV;

- Railway station with rolling chemically hazardous substances.

International experience suggests that the average structure of sanitary losses may be as follows: the total number of victims of chemical accidents 60% suffer toxic lesions, 20% - traumatic injuries, 15% - 5% burns and - combined injuries. The degree of severity, as evidenced by the experience, almost 65% of the victims can get light damage, 20% - moderate damage, and 10% - severe damage, and almost 5% may suffer fatal injuries. However, this distribution the most likely subject of the people directly in chemically dangerous objects in an open area without PPE. Under other conditions the structure of sanitary losses can vary downward deaths and serious injuries. There may be options for increasing the number of victims of severe damage that can be caused by several toxic compatible substances and the influence of secondary toxic substances.

Accidents on fire and explosive objects.

Ukraine has over 1500 fire and explosive objects, which are concentrated around 13 million tons of solid and liquid hazardous substances.

Explosion and fire risk objects - these objects, which are produced, stored and transported explosive and flammable substances. These include companies in the manufacturing process which uses explosive and flammable substances, and rail and pipeline transport.

Medical and health consequences of accidents on the explosion and fire facilities may include:

- Thermal burns;

- Mechanical injury;

- Barotraumas respiratory system;

- Rupture of the eardrum;

- Cranial trauma;

- Barotraumas of gastro - intestinal tract.

The main factors in the destruction of explosive objects are:

- Airblast, accompanied by propelling effect - rejection of people for a few meters, which causes them to closed injuries of internal organs, skull and muscular - skeletal system;

- "Secondary projectiles" (broken glass, buildings, equipment) with high kinetic energy, causing multiple injuries from gunshot close to nature;

- Floor buildings collapsed, leading to compression and closed injuries of internal organs, skull and limbs;

- Circumstances surrounding the disaster and led to her surprise, the magnitude, characteristics of destruction and death, cause psychological trauma, manifested in the form of psychosis or depression.

Accidents in mines.

Safety Ukrainian mines:

- 90% of mines - gas dangerous;

- 30% of mines - dangerous because of sudden emissions of coal, rock and gas;

- 70% of mines - dangerous due to explosions, emissions of coal;

- 30% of mines - dangerous due to spontaneous combustion of coal.

When accidents associated with explosions of methane structure of sanitary losses may be as follows:

- Mechanical injury - 2 -3%;

- Carbon monoxide poisoning (carbon monoxide) - 40%;

- Mechanical Injury + carbon monoxide poisoning - 15%;

- Thermal burns (10-60% of body B II-III degree) + + mechanical injury carbon monoxide poisoning - 10 - 12%;

- Upper respiratory tract burns 50-60%.

It should be borne in mind that the state of victims will get worse in the case of a long period of isolation and inconvenience of transporting underground.

Accidents on biohazard facilities.

By biohazard facilities are mostly objects which are manufactured or stored bioactive agents. These drugs can be used in medicine or agriculture (vaccines, diagnostics, nutraceuticals, etc.). Accidents at such sites may be accompanied by the proliferation of biological agents (agents, etc.) in quantities that pose a threat to the life or health of people, livestock and plants harm human health and the environment.

As a result of such failure may develop emergency epidemic situation, as reflected in the emergence of the centers of mass of infectious diseases made possible pathogens beyond it, encumbrances course of the disease and increase the number of adverse effects. In addition, the release of biological agents into the environment (as well as radioactive and chemical) may cause environmental disasters for which there is deviation from the natural state of the environment, which leads to serious consequences of environmental and social issues and is a direct threat to life and health.

Car accidents.

The most dangerous due to mass distribution and use is road transport. Over the last five years on how Ukraine was registered 212.9 thousand traffic accidents (RTA), in which 37.8 thousand killed and injured were 229.4 thousand people. That is, as a result of an accident on every 10 thousand victims dying on average 1.4 thousand and 8.6 thousand people injured. According to WHO in the world die every year because of accidents around 250 thousand people.

Number of accidents with severe consequences grown in six regions of Ukraine, including in the Ivano-Frankivsk region 60%, Chernihiv - by 33.3%, Dnipropetrovsk region - 16.7%, Kiev - 12%, Kherson - 10% and in the Crimea - 5%.

Disasters at sea and river transport

Every day in the oceans and seas is 25 thousand ships, crews which comprises about 1 million people. According to a well-known insurance company Lloyd's maritime waters of the seas and oceans die every year about 400 vessels (one vessel each day) for 7-8 thousand vehicles happen serious accident. According to the statement of professionals each year because of accidents killed about 200 people, of whom 25% - directly in water, 25% - in rescue funds, 50% - with the ship.

When the water transport accidents size and structure of sanitary losses will depend on the nature of the event and the number of passengers and crew on board. These are the cases that occurred in the city of Ulyanovsk (1983) as a consequence of the disaster killed 175 people., In Novorossiysk (1986) from the ship disaster "Nakhimov", by which killed 424 people., In 1999 sank in the Baltic Sea ferry "Estonia", in consequence of which killed 870 people.

Medical and health consequences of disasters on the water can be as follows:

- Mechanical injury;

- Thermal burns;

- Acute chemical poisoning;

- Nervous and mental stress;

- Hypothermia;

- Drowning;

- Secondary damage due to oil spill, and more.

Holocaust on railways.

The main reasons for train accidents are:

- Violation of the technical operation of railroad facilities and safety in transportation of cargo;

- External factors - in areas of natural disasters, man-made disasters in the business of gas and oil industries, explosions, fires, etc.;

- Incorrect actions (inaction) of another locomotive crews and staff exchanges;

- Collision with obstacles (cars, people, animals);

- Acts of terrorism.

Depending on the size of the disaster victims of the railways are divided into 5 categories: 1 - to 5 people, 2 - from 6-15 people, 3 - 16-30 people, 4 - 31-50 people, 5 - more than 50 people.

Types of injuries in railway accidents may include:

- Mechanical injury - 90%;

- Mechanical injury + thermal burns - 10%;

- Acute poisoning + organizations Chemical burns;

- Radiation damage;

- Combined and combined lesions.

The structure of sanitary losses in severity of damage could be as follows:

- Easily affected - 35-40%;

- Affected by moderate and severe - 20-25%;

- Very seriously affected - 20%;

- In a terminal condition - 20%.

Localization in train crash damage as follows: Chairman - 60% to 35% of limbs, chest, abdomen with rupture of internal organs - more than 20%, hip joints and large - up to 10 -12%

Characteristic features of accidents on the railway is likely traumatic amputations and complexity release affected during construction of wagons and locomotives.

Aircraft accident.

When a plane crash understands aviation event that led to the death of at least one member of the crew or passengers, complete or partial destruction of the aircraft or its disappearance.

When a plane crash total amount of losses can reach 80-90% of people who are on the aircraft. Among the injured person from mechanical damage can be 90%, including a state of shock - 10% of traumatic brain injury - 40-60%, 10-20% can be connected injuries and burns.

Due to his injuries about 40% of patients will require blending dressings on wounds, 50 - 60% - putting painkillers, 35% - immobilization of fractures, 60-80% - on a stretcher and evacuation shytah.

ACCIDENTS AT RADIATION HAZARDOUS OBJECTS, THEIR MEDICAL AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES.

Causes and medico-sanitary consequences of accidents

at radiation hazardous objects (RNO)

Radiological accident - an accident, associated with the release of radioactive products and (or) release of ionizing radiation envisioned for the normal operation of radiation dangerous object boundaries in quantities exceeding the established limits of safety operation of the facility.

The main causes of accidents in RNO are:

- Human error during operation;

- Failure and poor designs.

Depending on the size distribution of radionuclides in the environment and radiation effects are the following types of accidents at reactors:

- Local accident in which the output PP is limited outside the emergency unit or production facilities of radiation hazardous facilities;

- Local accident in which the output of PP limited nuclear facilities and is situated near the area;

- Common accident in which PP spread beyond the plant.

According to the Law "On legal regime on the territory contaminated by the Chernobyl disaster" contaminated area divided into zones depending on the density of soil contamination with radionuclides (cesium isotopes 137).

1 Zone - Exclusion Zone (area 675 km2) pollution by more than 40 kyuri/km2.

Zone 2 - unconditional (mandatory) resettlement - is an area that has undergone intensive contamination density of soil contamination by cesium isotopes from 15 to 40 kyuri/km2.

Zone 3 - guaranteed voluntary resettlement - a territory with a density of soil contamination by cesium isotopes from 5 to 15 kyuri/km2.

Zone 4 - enhanced radiological control - a territory with a density of soil contamination by cesium isotopes from 1 to 5 kyuri/km2.

With radiation accidents with the release of radionuclides into the environment for planning and implementation of measures to protect the population should provide 3 main phases crash course:

- Early phase covers the period from the early release of PP in the atmosphere at the time of his termination and completion of the radioactive trace. The duration of this phase can vary from several hours to several days.

- Secondary (intermediate) phase covers the period from the date of formation of radioactive trace the implementation of all measures to protect the population. The duration of this phase can range from several days to several months.

- Late phase - this after an emergency or a renewable period when there is a gradual return to normal life. It takes many years and completed simultaneously with the abolition of all restrictions on the livelihoods of the population in affected areas.

With radiation accidents possible radioactive contamination (HR) environment - air, soil, vegetation, water sources, buildings, and people, their clothes, shoes, leather covers, mucous membranes and into the organism.

Sanitary loss thus can be from 22 to 33% of the area average. Their structure may be as follows:

- Hard uzhkodzheni - 44%

- Moderate - 34%

- Easily affected - 22%

Possible types of lesions.

When the accident at the plant with the destruction of the reactor as a result of steam explosion among personnel and the public possible mechanical trauma and thermal burns, accompanied tend to radiation damage. Radiative forcing is the main thing. It is characterized by:

1. External gamma-neutron radiation emanating from the reactor is destroyed.

2. Beta, gamma radiation radioactive aerosols and gases coming from the destroyed reactor.

3. External radioactive contamination of skin and mucous membranes.

4. Penetration of radionuclides inside the body by inhalation or alimentary (incorporation).

After the accident, the main sources of internal radiation is strontium - 90 (half-life of 29 years, affects bone tissue), cesium - 137 (half-life 30 years, affects the intestines), plutonium-239 (half-life of 24,360 years, affects the lungs).

Post 2. Protect population and territories from emergency situations. (3 hrs.)

· Organization warning of the occurrence or threat of an emergency. Alerts and content of information to the public in the event of a threat or emergencies in peacetime and wartime population chas.Diyi alerts.

· Monitoring and control: objects, capabilities, tasks in different modes of operation of a single system of protection. Objects, strength and surveillance and control.Classification dosimetry devices, their purpose and how to use.

· Collective protection, their designation and classification. Simplest shelter, views, opportunities for protection. Radiation shelter, their protective properties, equipment and procedure for use. Sealed cover: purpose, opportunities for protection. Rules stay defenses.

· The concept of evacuation and dispersal. Principles and techniques of evacuation. Prepare and conduct evacuation from dangerous areas. Placing evacuees in safe areas.Medical support and evacuation rozose redzhennya population.

· Measures of engineering, environmental, radiation and chemical protection in Ukraine. Prediction of occurrence in the National Assembly.'s Measures for accident-free operation of potentially dangerous objects, creation of integrated systems of protection of settlements and sites of emergencies.

Establishment of and ter s t o cal system monitoring and control

To monitor and control the environment, food and water created by the state environmental monitoring system - a system of observation, collection, processing, transmission, storage and analysis of information about the environment, forecasting its changes and development of evidence-based recommendations for decision-making on the prevention of negative changes in the environment and comply with environmental safety.

The monitoring system is part of a national information infrastructure that is compatible with similar systems in other countries.

Monitoring system - an open information system priority function which is to protect the vital interests of environmental rights and society, the preservation of natural ecosystems, removal of environmental crisis changes the environment and prevent environmental emergency.

Environmental monitoring by the Ministry of Environmental Safety, MOE, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Derzhkomlishosprom, Derzhkomhidroatom, Derzhvodhosprom, Derzhkomheolohiyi, SCLR, State Construction Committee and their local bodies, enterprises, institutions and organizations belonging to the field of management, which is a sub ¢ yektamy monitoring system for national and regional (local) monitoring system aimed at:

improve efficiency and quality of information service users at all levels;

quality improvement study environmental protection and the effectiveness of their implementation;

promoting international cooperation in environmental protection, natural resource management and environmental safety.

As a result, the monitoring of air derived:

● raw data to control emissions and observations of the Pollution

summarized data on pollution in a particular area for a certain period of time;

● aggregate data on the composition and amount of pollutants;

assessment levels and the degree of danger of contamination to the environment and population activities;

● assessment of emissions and pollutants.

Requirements posts

Place deploying observation posts should have a good overview in the designated surveillance area is not allocated on a common background. We must take into account the availability of communication that can transmit the results of observation and the ability to quickly alert the public about the danger of radiation and chemical exposure. Not recommended to posts at the edge or use for the bell , and various high-rise buildings because the nature of the data to be infected with inaccurate. engineering equipment post involves creating a simple protective structures (blocked trench, fissure), which protects the observers.

The volume measures

Volume measures for the implementation of radiation and chemical observations depends on the modes of functioning of the integrated system of prevention and response to emergency situations of technogenic and natural character.

Casual work

From the daily activities - Maintenance dispatching services within the area of responsibility of a permanent instrument of control (using stationary devices) as environmental indicators on capacity exceeding background exposure (absorbed) dose (the radiation environment) and periodic visual inspection of the environment on case of anomalies at theground , other environmental objects as uncharacteristic color, odor, smoke, fog, etc. (no exact definition of the type of toxic or hazardous chemicals ) - The chemical environment .

Radiation and chemical observations carried out 4 times a day (5.00, 11.00, 17.00, 23.00).

In standby high readiness - Strengthening work involving additional capabilities related to the conduct of observing radiation and chemical conditions in the areas of responsibility and other hazardous areas depending on the situation, predicting the consequences of an accident.

Terms of observations and place determined directly into the incident and depending on the situation.

From the activity of emergencies - Continuous monitoring of radiation and chemical conditions in the areas of emergency.

Post Radiation and chemical observations

To monitor the radiation and chemical state at each site of the economy created positions of radiation and chemical observations (RHS). They are the main sources of information about the situation for heads of civil defense , chiefs of staff and facilities. The task of the post of Chief of Staff RHS puts the object management and head office by organizing its implementation: bring the problem to the attention of employees, equipment determines the order of the post, check the serviceability of equipment, organize communication with control room facility, regulates and manages surveillance activities observers.

Tools

Object positions equipped and fitted appliances radiation (chemical) exploration and personal protection for the states and report cards.

Exemplary equipment

Devices Radiation Intelligence (information level of 0.05 mR / hr).

Special equipment chemical detection (portable automatic or manual).

Chemical detection devices.

Radiometer , roentgenometer SE-5.

Individual dosimeter - Each.

Lightweight protective clothing D-1 - Each.

The filter mask - Each. Respirator R-2 - Each.

Meteokomplekt number 3 (where necessary according to the report card).

Stopwatch .

Protective goggles .

Communication and notification (phone, siren, gong).

Training

Training of personnel positions Object radiation and chemical observations by civil defense courses and education (courses CO) ministries program of the Ministry of Emergency Situations.

Personnel

Members of posts completed by neviyskovozobov'yazanyh employees and employees of enterprises and institutions, which are created based on these posts.

Financial support

Providing radiation monitoring posts at the proper time sheet assets by enterprises, institutions and organizations, which are created based on these positions, by current wealth fund, which is allocated through the management department of the National Assembly.

Responsibilities chief post

explore the area of observation, specify the order in touch and report on the observation set of all observations to chart goals and objectives to put an observer;

check the working condition of communication, report the beginning of observation and meteorological pass first, if necessary, arrange engineering equipment and masking n final.

The responsibilities of personnel

upon receipt of the reports of observers refine them and report of the Chief of the National Assembly and CO, record the log and ensure exploration areas in the post within a radius of 1 km;

subsequently carry out periodic monitoring of measuring radiation levels and the presence of chemical agents. Samples of bacterial substances napryavlyaty the lab.

Another observer shall:

● maintain continuous surveillance of the area (Figure landmarks);

● Periodically turn on devices and monitor their performance;

● on time to carry out meteorological observations;

● If outbreak of a nuclear explosion by taking measures to protect against shock , vmyknuty stopwatch , after the passage of the shock wave off the stopwatch and conduct calculations for determining the location of a nuclear explosion;

● the presence of contamination transfer protection in combat situation and report to senior chief;

● when it detects signs of use PR and BR immediately file signal transfer means in fighting condition and report to the head post.

The main objectives of the post and observation

● early detection of radioactive and chemical contamination, and air ;

● timely alarm "radiation hazard" or "chemical alarm";

observe the direction of wind and the movement of radioactive cloud after cloud explosion ● or chemically hazardous substances;

● determine the levels of radiation and types applied SDYAV;

● establish observation areas to which assault occurred;

● report on the nature of the contracting business leaders, institutions, on the basis of established observation posts.

The order of presentations and information

The object of observation posts on the data of radioactive and chemical contamination report to the agency head, on which they are created.

Departments of the National Assembly and the CO objects observation report of posts transferred to the department of the National Assembly and TSZN areas who complete a summary report to the Home Department (Department) for the NA region and the neighboring district of endangered infection.

Duties of chief post

1. Head of post, he is a senior observer should be personally prepared, be aware and be able to work seamlessly with the devices of radiation and chemical reconnaissance and usepersonal protection equipment . Always know the personnel of the post, to teach his actions on duty observing and systematically training works on the device and use of personal protective equipment. Monitor the technical state remedies and devices to worry about their health and providing suitable power source and to a breathalyzer devices.

2. input signal from "The threat of attack" in obtaining job to radiation and chemical observations from the chief object senior observer immediately organized:

● Collect personnel;

● check issuance and fit of personal protective equipment all personnel of the post, bringing protection to the "ready";

● reduction in commitment devices radiation and chemical reconnaissance (connect power supply and installation of indicator tubes without their fracture);

● Continuous monitoring - you turn on the radiation survey instruments;

reduction in the willingness shelter for observers and determine their locations in secret;

● order due post of Director of the National Assembly and the CO object and alert employees and employees of the object of radioactive and chemical contamination;

● communicate to personnel post beep alarm installed head of civil defense facility (kicks sleeve, rod, bell, etc.);

zastupannyam to the post of another observer directs it to the show action.

3. During the observation:

● directs the actions of another observer and the entire personnel of the post;

in due time, reports on the situation in parts of the National Assembly and the CO or manager of the facility;

● the detection of radioactive and chemical contamination (radiation survey readings from 0.5 R / h or more, change the color of individual filler tube) * reports immediately;

● a set sequence and procedure area personnel fasting;

should ensure timely replacement power supply and indicator tubes, which ended shelf life;

● personally hold an entry in the forms of devices in the "Account of the device during operation."

4. cells In the event of contamination:

● a nuclear explosive head post, another observer and the remaining personnel to quickly hide in the shelter, after the passage of the shock wave takes measures to restore the service of another observer;

● checking device installation mode "Work" and monitors the direction of motion of the cloud of a nuclear explosion;

● identifying radioactive contamination or received the report of another observer takes set the alarm and report of the Chief of the National Assembly and the CO object or manager.

In a raid aircraft to an object or nearest areas sends the command to the shelter personnel, with the exception of another observer, who continues to monitor:

● identifying the beginning of the use of toxic substances, provides a signal set "chemical alert," reports Director of the National Assembly and the CO or the head of the facility and at their commandment organized sampling of contaminated areas, vegetation, etc.;

● regularly monitors radiation levels decline and the presence of toxic substances in the area of surveillance and reveals the possibility of removing personal protective equipment.

Duties of another observer

Another observer obeys the head office by radiation and chemical observations.

Another observer shall:

● inseparable stay in office, having the equipment radiation and chemical reconnaissance and personal protective equipment in a state of "alert";

continuously to monitor the situation in the area of the object;

● about changes in circumstances promptly report to the Chief of the post, and the point that, when and where held;

● after the nuclear strikes periodically, independently, at fixed intervals (5-10 min.) Includes roentgenometer or radiometer-roentgenometer and fixes his testimony;

● the detection of radioactive contamination protection translates into "combat" condition and controls the changing levels of radiation every 30 minutes, while making entries in the log monitoring;

● If you suspect the external signs of enemy of toxic substances or substances of bacterial or bacterial products, resulting in a "battle" state remedies, reports chief post - senior observer and determine the type of these substances. At the direction of the chief post takes samples to be sent to the nearest laboratory study CO (in the absence of fast chemical detection device, a report based on the results of the study of external features);

● at the direction of the chief post, if necessary, clarifying the readings, conducting reconnaissance in the area of the object;

keeps records in the log monitoring;

● about any changes reported by observers that obscures the change, the results of surveillance devices transmits radiation and chemical reconnaissance and other property post.

Actual rating radiation is radiation survey method . The units of the economy to monitor radiation environment created positions of radiation surveillance group (managers) radiation survey.

The main objectives of radiation monitoring posts:

1. Timely establishment of early contamination.

2. Alert staff personnel groups of CH contamination (signal "radiation hazard").

3. Determination of levels of radiation and control their dynamics.

4. Installation of borders contaminated areas and ways to bypass or pass through them.

5. Determining the degree of radioactive contamination of skin, clothing, protection, food and water.

Members of posts and links should be well prepared to conduct radiation survey, to have proper equipment and hardware, including:

- Individual respiratory protection (dust mask, mask);

- Personal protective skin (OZK suit L-1);

- Individual dosimeters (DCT-50A, ID-1, ID-11);

- The means of notification, communication (signaling "radiation hazard" voice), by telephone, frequent strikes in the metal object, etc..)

- Means of limiting contaminated areas showing radiation levels (set of characters limit LCE-1);

- Radiation survey instruments (DP-5A, B, C, IMD-1R et al.).

Radiation intelligence can be ground and air (specially equipped aircraft, helicopters, air probes).

Radiation at ground intelligence posts, groups (links) in different parts of the country record radiation levels, indicating areas surveyed limit signs and report to headquarters. At the site of the economy measures the radiation survey radiation levels on roads leading to the facility in the field of rescue and recovery works in SH ENVIRONMENT staff and personnel of non-military formations, and monitors the changes in the radiation environment. After intelligence personnel groups (managers) radiation survey monitors the contamination of skin, clothing, protection, transport to further the special (health) treatment, as well as conducting dosimetric control.

Output of this method take into account the radiation dose, the maximum dose is disposable and reusable, and the protection factor structures.

Radiometric control is designed to measure doses of radiation exposure to people who are at radiation-contaminated areas.

Control of contamination is carried out in hospitals DSMK all victims, members of rescue teams and those who took part in the aftermath of a radiological emergency, as well as property and vehicles. Medical Service to conduct radiometric control performs the following tasks:

1. Control of radioactive contamination on the affected Fast sorting to identify individuals with contamination above safe values.

2. Control of radioactive contamination after complete sanitization in the department of special treatment (VSO).

3. Control of radioactive contamination of personnel and property VSO.

4. Control of contamination of clothing and transportation to and after decontamination.

In addition, the medical service tasked with the examination of water, food, if they are contaminated by radioactive substances.

Dosimetric control (control of radiation) is carried out to obtain accurate data needed to determine the severity of radiation injury.

Dosimetric control of exposure, depending on the availability of means of control may be conducted individual and group methods.

Individual control method is that the dose of radiation received by a person is determined by the dosimeter issued to him.

Group control method is that the dose of radiation received by a group of liquidators is determined by the 1-2 dosimeters issued by the group. This control method used in the actions of the liquidators in the same conditions, ie when all can receive about the same dose of radiation.

In the medical service tasked with monitoring the liquidators, exposed to ionizing radiation.

Monitoring of radiation exposure Liquidators is the main criterion for early diagnosis of radiation sickness.

Data on doses that were received by the liquidators shall be entered in the primary medical record or medical history, and in the case of discharge from the hospital - in card counting doses of radiation.

Due to the wide spread in teperyshniy time and obviously different in the future of nuclear technology and nuclear energy, the analysis of various types of accidents that occur in the business Ahrohimu and similar enterprises abroad spout NHR suggests the need for protection industrial workers and the public.

One of the activities is the organization of radiological and chemical control.

Dosimetry and chemical control is carried out under the guidance of the chief commanders at all levels and CO groups.

Control of radioactive zabrudennya carried out to determine the degree of radioactive contamination of people, animals, as well as: equipment, clothing, personal protective equipment, food, water, fodder and other objects. The degree of contamination is assessed by measurement of the exposure dose of radiation from these objects appliances (SE-5, IMD-21 and others).

Dosimetric control includes:

- Control of exposure;

- Monitoring of radioactive contamination.

Controlling exposure is conducted to obtain data for absorbed dose of radiation to the primary diagnosis.

To measure the dose used dosimeters.

To account for the absorbed doses are conducted radiation monitoring following documents:

1. Statement of issuing dose meters and accounting performance.

2. Journal of controlling exposure.

3. Information card account exposure.

4. Journal selection and delivery of samples (only for services and staffs CO).

5. Reports on performance and infected people, technology and more.

Control of exposure needed to absorbed radiation doses do not exceed allowable exposure.

Permissible dose:

a) at the time of war:

- After a single exposure (up to 4 days) - 50 P

- After repeated exposure for 30 days - 100 R

3 months - 200 R

1 year - 300 P

b) at the time of peace:

- Under normal conditions for 1 year - 0, 5 March.

- For staff norm.umovah for 1 year - on March 5.

- For the public emergency opromin.na 1 year - on March 10.

- For emergency personnel exposure for 1 year - on March 25.

According to these standards for the population Absorption dose in normal conditions should not exceed - 0.5 rem per year.

The structure of the radiation dose absorbed during the year is as follows:

- Natural background - 200 mrem

- Medical X-ray - 150 mrem

- Construction Materials - 100 mrem

- Additional sources of exposure - 50 mrem

According to the Law of Ukraine "On Protection of Rights of Ionizing Radiation" № 15/98-VR provides the following permissible dose:

- To the public 1 mSv / yr (1000 mrem / year - 0.1 rem)

- For staff: not more than 20 mSv / yr (2000 mrem / year - March 2).

Allowed to 5 rem (50 mSv), provided that the average annual dose for five years, no more than 20 mSv per year (March 2) on average. These doses do not include the above-mentioned radiation doses received by people in everyday life.

In peacetime use rules that are defined in the "Basic sanitary rules. OSP-72/87 "and NRBU-97.

Dosimetric devices are designed to:

· emission control - obtain data on exposure or absorbed dose of radiation people and Agricultural ü Kimi animals;

· control contamination by radioactive substances people, farm animals and equipment, transport equipment, personal protective equipment, clothing, food ha p Vigil, water, fodder and other objects;

· radiation survey - determine the level of radiation on the ground .

Indicators - simple radiation survey instruments. With these devices solve the problem of detection and estimated radiation dose, primarily - radiation. Using indicators can be established: increasing or decreasing the dose. This group is the unit of SE-64. (See Specifications. Annex number 2).

Renhhenometry - designed to measure the dose of X-or - radiation. Their measurement range from a few hundredths of a share of X-rays to several hundred roentgen per hour. This group includes instruments CCP-2, "cactus", DP-5V, "Pripyat" and others. (Appendix № 2).

Radiometer (measuring radioactivity) - designed to determine the degree of contamination of surfaces of equipment, appliances, clothing, volumes of air, food, feed mainly - parts.

These devices are beta-gamma-radiometer "Ray-A" radiometer "Tiso" radiometric setup DP-ADM 100, DP-5V and others. From appliances can use "Pripyat".

exploration and radiation monitoring are divided into groups:

Indicators - simple radiation survey instruments. With these devices solve the problem of detection and estimated radiation dose, primarily - radiation. Using indicators can be established: increasing or decreasing the dose. This group is the unit of SE-64. (See Specifications. Annex number 2).

Renhhenometry - designed to measure the dose of X-or - radiation. Their measurement range from a few hundredths of a share of X-rays to several hundred roentgen per hour. This group includes instruments CCP-2, "cactus", DP-5V, "Pripyat" and others. (Appendix № 2).

Radiometer (measuring radioactivity) - designed to determine the degree of contamination of surfaces of equipment, appliances, clothing, volumes of air, food, feed mainly - parts.

These devices are beta-gamma-radiometer "Ray-A" radiometer "Tiso" radiometric setup DP-ADM 100, DP-5V and others. From appliances can use "Pripyat".

Dosimeters - designed to determine the total dose of radiation received by a person during his stay in the contaminated area mainly - radiation.

This group includes sets: ID-02, GP-22B, GP-24, ID-1, ID-11 and others ..

Figure 5.2. Set dosimeters DP-22

Unlike DP-22 kit dosimeters DP-24 (Fig. 5.3.) Has five dosimeters OST-50 A.

Figure 5.3. Set dosimeters DP-24

Pocket dosimeter DCT-50A is designed to measure eq s positional doses of gamma radiation. Structurally, it is made in the shape of a pen (Figure 5.4.).

Figure. 5.4. Pocket dosimeter OST-50 A

The dosimeter consists of dural Corps - 1, which are ionization chamber condenser electroscope, vidsikovyy unit and as part of the row.

Most of the dosimeter - compact ionization chamber-2, which is connected to the capacitor - 4 of electroscope. External electrode s tem s camera - duralumin cylindrical capacitor is building - 1, and the inner electrode shnim - Aluminium Rod - 5. Electroscope curved forms part of the inner electrode (holder) and stuck to it platynovana sighting thread (moving parts) - 3.

In front of the building located vidlikovnyy device - E k roskop with a 90-fold increase, which consists of an eyepiece - 9 Lenzes - 12 and scale - 10. The scale has 25 divisions (0 to 50). Price of one division mo d corresponds to two X-ray. Scale and attach the eyepiece shaped nut.

At the back of the case is charging part that b be consisting of the diaphragm - 7 of movable pin - 6. When you pin - 6 is closed with an internal electrode ionization chamber.In removing the load pin diaphragm returns to its original floor at tion. Of the dosimeter charger protects against contamination protective rim - 8. Dosimeter attached to the pocket by the holder - 11.

Dosimeter DCT-50A provides a measure of individual exposure doses tion and gamma radiation in the range from 2 to 50 p in eq s positional power radiation dose from 0.5 to 200 R / h. Samozaryad dosimeter under normal conditions does not exceed two divisions per day.

Charging dosimeter OST-50 A made before going to work in the area of contamination (the action of gamma-radiation) as follows:

· unscrew the protective casing dosimeter (with glass stopper) and cap charger connector DA-5;

· potentiometer knob charger turn left to mo n it;

· dosimeter is inserted into the charger socket charger with Hare at th illumination included charger jack and high voltage;

· nablyudayuchy the eyepiece, easily click on the dosimeter and by turning the potentiometer to the right string set to "0" scale, and then remove the dosimeter from the charger socket;

· check the position of the light filaments: its image should be on the mark "0", tighten the protective casing and cap dosimeter charger slot.

Exposure dose of radiation is determined by the position of the thread on the scale vidlikovnoho device. The count should be performed at Vertical position ü Term threads to prevent influence on the dosimeter readings at Prospect hynannya filament by weight.

Set ID-1 is designed to measure absorbed dose of gamma-neutron radiation. It consists of individual dosimeters ID-1 charger ZD-6. The principle of the dosimeter ID-1 analogues h ing principle of dosimeters to measure the exposure dose of gamma radiation (eg, DCT-50A).

Measuring the dose of DP-5A (B) and DP-5V designed for and measurement of radiation levels on the ground and radioactive contamination at diff manitnyh objects in gamma rays. gamma radiation power is determined milliroentgen or roentgens per hour for one point in space, which is placed in an appropriate measurement meter unit. In addition, it is possible to determine the beta radiation.

Measuring range for gamma radiation of 0.05 mR / hr. to 200 R / h. Instruments BF-5A,-5B DP and DP-5V with six piddiap and zoniv measurements (Table 5.10.)Countdown readings produced by us are noyu microammeter scale in R / hr., The upper scale - in mR / hr. followed by multiplying the corresponding coefficient subband. Lots scale from zero to the first significant digit is unserviceable.

Table 5.10.

Range of devices DP-5A,-5B DP and DP-5V

Piddiap and area	The situation in the region and subjected chky switch apazoniv	Scale	One and this	Measurement limits yu Wang	Time Stand in attitude and abilities are recorded pok, sec.
And	200	0-200	R / h.	5-200	10
Five	H1000	0-5	mR / hr.	500-5000	10
W	X100	0-5	mR / hr.	50-500	30,
1	2	3	4	5	6
IV	X10	0-5	mR / hr.	5-50	45
V	X1	0-5	mR / hr.	0.5-5	45
VI	X0, 1	0-5	MR / hr.	0.05-0.5	45

Devices have a sound indication for all subbands except at first grade. Audible indication is heard through headphones - 8 (Figure 5.5).

Figure. 5.5. Radiometer-roentgenometer DP-5 A-5 B DP and DP-5V

The structure of devices DP-5A (B) and DP-5V . To set the device includes: Case with straps, extension rod, block supply to the DP-5A (B) and the voltage divider to the DP-5V, a set of operational documentation and a pasnoho property, telephone and ukladochnyy box.

The device consists of (see Fig. 5.5) with remote measuring, probe in SE-5A (b) the detection unit in the DP-5V - 1 , combined with remote black wildebeest Kimi cables - 2; controlling strontium-yttrium source of beta radiation for verify that the devices (on the inside cover art of the Rhone Cases in DP-5A (b) - 9 and block detection of DP-5V).

Measuring panel consists of panels and hood. In the ism and remote ryuvalnoho posted microammeter with two measuring scales - 3 ; switch subband - 4 ; pen "mode" - 6(potentiometer adjustment mode) button zkydky indications ("Zkydka") - 7 ; toggle BL and tlennya scale - 5 ; screw setting zero - 10 , including phone jack - 11 . Dashboard is attached to the housing with two captive screws. E-ments circuit device is mounted on the chassis, which with connections to the panel for aux hoyu at the hinge and screw. At the bottom of the casing is cut off to accommodate Ms. sources in attitude. In the absence of batteries can be connected to this rail and lnyk voltage from a DC source.

Perceiving devices devices are gas-meters installed: in the unit SE-5A - one (SIZBH) in remote measurement and two (SIZBH and STS-5) in the probe, the instrument DP-5V - two (SBM-20 and SIZBH) in the block d is the detection of.

Probe and detection unit - 1 is a steel cylinder to about rpus the window to indicate beta radiation, sealed etyltselyulo tion with waterproof sheeting, through which penetrate beta particles. In case wearing a metal swivel screen that is fixed in two positions ("G" and "B") on the probe and three positions ("G", "B" and "C") on the block N of detektuva. In position "D" window casing closes screen to counter m at horror penetrate only gamma rays. When you turn the screen to the "B" opens a window casing and beta particles penetrate to the counter. In the "C" source monitoring beta radiation, which is enshrined in deepening the screen installed in front of the window and in this position the instrument performance is verified DP-5V.

The main body of the probe and the detection unit are two performances, in which they are installed on the studied surface with turkey tion and beta contamination. Inside the case is a board on which zmont ated at discharge counters, power-normalizer and the electrical circuit.

Carrying gear is: SE-5A - two outlets (for

Preparing the device for operation is carried out as follows:

· take it from placing the box, open the lid cases, conduct an external examination, fasten to the waist and square case is chovyy belts;

· remove the probe or detection unit, attach the handle to the probe, and the detection unit - bar (which is used as a handle);

· set corrector mechanical zero on the scale microamperes t ra;

· connect the power source;

· enabled device, putting pen subband switch in position "Dir." SC-5A and " t "(control mode) DP-5V (arrow device shall be installed without being in the security sector) in DP-5A using the knob potentiometer arrow gear set p is zhymnomu sector to " t". If the arrow is not Microammeters input at dyat in security sector must replace the power supply.

Test the operation of devices is performed on all sub-bands, except the first ("200"), with reference sources, which screens the probe and detecting unit installed in position "B" and "C" respectively, and are connected phones. The device DP-5A open beta source control, set the probe reference case projections on the cover so that the source was located in front of an open window probe. Then, turning subband series switch to "X 1000" "X 100" X 10 "X 1" and "X 0.1", watch the instrument readings and audio signals in a tapped phone. Arrows Microammeters need to go off-scale VI i V subbands deviate to IV, and the third and II can not deviate from the lack of activity of control beta sources.

Then put the switch knob to "OFF." SC-5A and " t"- DP-5V, click the" Reset. ", return the screens in pos district of" G ". Instruments ready to go.

Radiation survey areas with radiation levels of 0.5 to 5 R / h. Held on the second sub-range (probe and detection unit with a screen in the decrees provisions "G" remain in the housings of devices), and more than 5 R / hr. - Home at th subband. When measuring device must be located at a height of 0.7 - 1 m from the surface.

To detect beta radiation must install the probe display in the "B" to present to the examined surface at a distance of 1.5 - 2 cm. P in the tape switch subband consistently put in the "X 0.1" "X 1" "X 10" to a microammeter arrows deviations within the scale. Increasing the readings on the same sub-range in comparison with gamma measurement shows the presence of beta radiation.

Figure. 5.6. Trip meter dose of DP-3 B

To set the device includes: measuring panel A, B remote unit, power cable direct distribution yemom '- 1 cable with angular distribution `yemom - 9 for connection with a remote control unit B, mounting brackets, technical d at kumentatsiya and support devices. On the remote measurement and posted scheniem: microammeter scale of dvohryadnoyu - 3 (upper GI value of a point and ly 0.05 R / hr., Lower - 50 R / hr.), The lamp light indication - 6 Lamp pi d svitlennya - 4 microammeter scale and subband index - 5, prevention and zhnyky - 8 button "Check" - 2, switch subband - 7 six decrees lozhen: off "Off." turned "On." "x 1" "H 10 "" X 100 "and" 500 ".

Training gear DP-3B to work: test kit, external examination device and accessories, the collection device connected to the food chain and test the operation.

Gazosignalizator "Watch-S-M-5H"

Gazosignalizator "Watch-S-M-5H" - used to control zohazovannosti air.

Digital display shows:

- formula of the measured component;

- concentration ratio kontrolyuyumoho component;

- status of the battery;

- name of the service mode and parameters settings.

Tactical - specifications:

Indicators of concentration are shown in

- mg / m ³ - the measurements of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine;

- percentage lower concentration limit of flame propagation (volume fractions,% vol.) - a change of combustible gases and vapors;

- volume fractions,% vol. - By changing the oxygen.

Unit price lowest level:

- 0.1% lower concentration limits of flame propagation (0.01% vol.) - When measuring flammable gases and vapors;

- 0.1 mg / m ³ - the measurements of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide;

- 0.01 mg / m ³ - the measurements of chlorine;

- 0.1% vol. - By measuring oxygen.

Operation mode setup time alarm, min .... 10 min.

Supply voltage signaling device .......................................... 3,85-0 , 35V.

Maximum current consumption, max ............................ 200mA.

Power Adapter ............................................... ........... 220V.

The average operating time to reply, at least ...................................... 10000ch.

Average lifetime signaling ......................................... 8y.o..

Opening hours without recharging batteries .................................. 20hodyn.

Number of cycles the battery power .............................................. .500

AVG update performance, no more .................... 3 hours.

Dimensions ................................................ ............ 200h174h81mm.

The principle of the signaling consists in processing electrical signals from entering sensitive elements.

Controls and alarms.

1. Indicator light switching threshold devices;

2,8. Pidstroyek buttons "up", "down";

3. Power on / off backlight;

4. The "Choice";

5. Power on / off ykannya supply;

6. Power on / off built-in micro pump;

7. Multifunction button "Rules";

9. And nfrochervonyy port;

10. Window audible alarm;

11. Digital display.

Assign buttons.

The "food" is designed to enable or disable alarm supply and to exit the menu options working (short press).

The "Rules" has several functions and is used in routine serviced alarm. With this button you can switch alarm mode "Rabocheye STATUS" in one of the official modes:

"ZERO ADJUST"

"ADJUST GAIN"

"Settings threshold"

"Options ASG"

"Options DATЫ AND TIME"

Switching modes is done in "rounds" pressing (at least 2sek.) The "Rules".

Pressing (more 4sek., The appearance of a single light, sound and symbol D on the display) is done recording function test parameters during routine maintenance.

Buttons "UP", "DOWN" are intended to increase or decrease configurable parameter when alarm is located in one of the official regime. After measuring configurable parameter displays the symbol M.

Short-term pressing "DOWN" in "Rabocheye STATUS" displays on the digital display version and version schema sensors.

Short pressing "DOWN" in "RABCHEE STATUS" displays on the digital display version and version schema unit measurements and alarms, battery voltage date and time.

The "Lights" (short key press) is designed to turn off and disable the display backlighting.

The "Pump" is designed to enable or disable the built mikrokompresora.

WARNING! All measurements of concentration are performed only at the included pump.

The "Choice" is designed to select the measured channel configurable in the "Rules".

Alarm automatically goes into "Rabocheye STATUS" if within 2 min. not performed pressing buttons.

Work signaling.

The digital display shows the status of the battery, the formula component and measuring the concentration ratio kontrolyuyemoho component locations alarm or remote probe.

External probe is used to measure the concentration of gas in remote places. For the measurement should combine at the probe to alarm. To do this, first attach the tube to choke "LOGIN" and then added to the tube hazozabirnyy probe.

At concentrations exceeding prescribed limits consistently trigger threshold devices and turn on light and sound alarm.

As a work of the threshold device (C _n H _m , C l ₂ , H ₂ S, NH ₃ ) The limit on the off, at 10% of threshold switching.

Dosimeter-radiometer MKS-05 "TERRA"

Dosimeter-radiometer MKS-05 "TERRA" - designed to measure equivalent dose (ED) and equivalent dose rate (EDR) of gamma and X-ray radiation (photon-ionizing radiation), and surface beta-particles.

Dosimeter is used for the control of radiation cleanness of dwellings apartments, buildings, areas adjacent to them, household items, clothing, ground on private land and vehicles.

Description dosimeter.

Dosimeter as a flat rectangular plastic frame with rounded corners.

The unit consists of upper and lower lids. In the middle of the top cover of the dosimeter display panel located to the left and right above it - two keys control the LCD, and the top of the lid speaker.

At the bottom of the instrument placed the battery compartment and the window to measure the flux density of beta-particles. The battery compartment and the window closed by lids and fastened by the elastic properties of the material.

Inside the case is a printed circuit board on which are all elements of the electrical circuit, except for the speaker. Loudspeaker is connected to the upper lid and electrically under 'yednuyetsya to the PCB by means of spring contacts.

Preparation for operation.

To do this:

- unpack the dosimeter;

- Open the battery compartment and insert two AAA galvanic elements into the compartment observing polarity.

On dosimeter, briefly pressing the MODE button. This dosimeter should operate in a measurement of photon-ionizing radiation, as indicated by the blinking LED in front of the appropriate mnemonic symbol below the LCD and beeps when registering each detected gamma-quantum.

Press shortly the MODE button and make sure the dosimeter mode indication ED operator. However, under the LCD shall flash the second LED in front of the appropriate mnemonic symbol.

Press shortly the MODE button and make sure the dosimeter mode of surface beta-particles, which is indicated by blinking LED in front of the appropriate mnemonic symbol below the LCD and beeps when registering each beta particles or gamma kvaytu.

Press shortly the MODE button and make sure the dosimeter in a mode of real time on sho testify comma between two pairs of digits digital display, which should flash with a period of 1 s.

To disable the dosimeter and hold it pressed state for 4 with the MODE button

Measurement of equivalent dose rate (EDR) of photon-ionizing radiation.

Metering mode of photon-ionizing radiation turns on priority since the dosimeter. An indication of this mode is blinking LED in front of the appropriate mnemonic symbol below the LCD. This LCD digital display for the first few seconds will display a measurement results that are enabling efficient evaluation of the level of radiation. To obtain reliable statistically processed data digital display will flash. The statistical processing depending on the intensity of radiation and will not exceed 70 s. Units are expressed in mSv / h.

To measure photon radiation dosimeter its metrological mark "+" in the direction of the examined object. Cover- filter should close the window on which the detector is located (hereinafter - the window detector).

Measurement result EDR Consider the arithmetic mean of five measurements after cessation flashing LCD.

Each detected gamma-quantum is followed by a beep. Measurement intervals from 1 to 70 s and sub-ranges will be set automatically depending on the measured radiation.

Note. , for operational evaluation of radiation process statistical information processing can be forced to restart. To do this, press and hold it pressed for 2 s THRESHOLD button. As a result, a rough estimate of the level of gamma background can be performed within 10 seconds.

Indication of measured values of photon-ionizing radiation.

To switch the mode of ED shortly press MODE. This mode follows the mode of DER measurement of photon-ionizing radiation (which turns on priority since the dosimeter).Measurement of photon-ionizing radiation begins with the dosimeter and runs in all operating modes except measurement of flux density of beta - particles.

An indication of the mode of ED LED is blinking in front of the appropriate mnemonic symbol below the LCD. Units of measurement of photon-ionizing radiation in mSv. At the beginning of the dosimeter comma on the display will be after the first left digit. With the increasing importance of photon-ionizing radiation comma will automatically shift to the right until the complete filling of the ED scale dosimeter.

Measurement of surface beta-particles.

This mode follows the mode of ED measurement of photon-ionizing radiation. A sign of this mode - flashing LED opposite the appropriate mnemonic symbol below the LCD.Units in which the measurements are expressed in part. / (cm ² min).

Before measuring the flux density of beta-particles pre-measured gamma-ray background (for further automatic subtraction). This mode of DER measurement (cover filter closes the detector) to wait for the termination of the flashing LCD. Then double- click the MODE button briefly. This will memorize the measured value of EDR as gamma background and switch off the dosimeter DER measurement mode of surface beta-particles.

Remove the cover from the filter box, which is located opposite the detector, direct dosimeter data window along the examined surface and placed at a minimum distance from it.

Result of the surface density of beta-particles flux Consider the arithmetic mean of five measurements after cessation flashing LCD.

Each registered beta-particle and gamma-quantum will be accompanied by an audio signal.

Measurement intervals from 1 to 70 s and subranges measurements will be set automatically, depending on the measured radiation.

Indication ED accumulation time operator.

To switch the mode of accumulation time operator ED Press shortly the MODE button. This mode follows the mode of measurement and indication value beta-particles.

Tag this mode on the LCD display is flashing all the bits of digital display and non-blinking comma between the two pairs of digits. The weight of Digital significant digits on the display from right to left are as follows: first - one minute, the second - ten minutes, the third - one hour, four - ten hours.

Means of chemical detection and control of infection

Identify and determine the extent of contamination and toxic sylnodi th chymy toxic substances air, ground, buildings, machinery, transport with port, personal protective equipment, clothing, food, water, fodder and other objects produced by the chemical detection instruments or by sampling and subsequent analysis of their in chemical laboratories.

Military chemical detection device VPHR intended for definition and tion in the air and on the ground for agents such as Bi-X - gas, sarin, soman, mustard gas, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen chloride.

Figure. 5.7. Military chemical detection device VPHR

Structure VPHR. device consists (Fig. 5.7) from the body with a lid and placed in them, hand pump - 1 nozzle to the pump - 3 paper cassettes with the breathalyzer - 11 caps - 4, filter smoke level t - 5, Electronic lighters - 7 radiators - 10 and ammo for it. In addition, the complex is part of the device CLI scoop sampling 9 pin - 8 's Guide eq pluatatsiyi "Memory GUIDE to work with the device, Memory GUIDE to determine the type of agents soman in the air, shoulder strap, 2 with braid. Unit weight - 2.3 kg, and sensitive to the message of organophosphorus agents - to 5 × 10 ^-6 mg / l to phosgene, hydrocyanic sour at you and cyanogen chloride - to 5 × 10 ^-3 mg / L, mustard - 2 × 10 ^-3 mg / l Operating te mperatur from -40 to +40 ^o C.

Hand pump (piston) is used to pump contaminated decrees winds through breathalyzer, which is set for this socket head pump. At 50-60 swing pump for 1 min. A breathalyzer Avenue runs at about 2 liters of air. At the head of the pump are than cut and the two ends of the recess for the breaking of indicator tubes, in the pump handle - ampulozlamlyuvachi.

Attachment to the pump is a device that allows you to increase the number of agents vapors that pass through the breathalyzer when determining agents on December in STI and various items in bulk materials, and identify agents in the smoke and take samples of smoke.

Breathalyzer located in cassettes designed to identify agents and represent a sealed glass tube, inside which are in nyuvach drinks and capsules with reagents. Breathalyzer marked with color rings and placed in paper trays for 10 pcs. The front side of the cassette placed a standard color and trim are working with tubes. For values of s agents such as C-S and B-Zet designed handset IT 46. The set VPHR are not included and supplied separately.

Protective caps are used to prevent contamination of the drops inside of the funnel PR tips for placing soil samples and bulk materials in the determination of these agents.

Smoke filters are used to identify agents in the smoke, small amounts of OM in the soil and granular materials, as well as sampling smoke. They consist of a single layer of filter material (cardboard) and sev b Koh layers of nylon fabric.

Warmer is used to preheat indicator tubes with lowered te mperaturi environment from -40 to +10 ^o C. It consists of a plastic housing with two provushynamy in which the probe is inserted to puncture the cartridge, which provides heating. Inside the case there are four radiators, metal pipes, three - for small diameter pipes and one indicator - is lykoho in diameter for the cartridge.

Definition agents in the air . First, define a pair of OP nerve hydrogen paralytic action, which should take two breathalyzer on Jun at his ring and a red dot. With a knife at the head of the pump to the railway cut, and then break off the end of the indicator tubes. Using the vials at the discoverer of the red line and a point, break the top of both vials in May Bock and took the tube at the upper end, vigorously struhnuty them 2-3. One of the tubes (D) unmarked end inserted into the pump and pump air through it (5-6 cobs), through the second (control) air is pumped and it is installed in a support device case.

Then ampulovidkryvachem break both lower tubes and vials after shaking them to observe the transition of the control tube color from red to yellow. Prior to the formation of yellow color in the co n trolniy red tube top layer of filler trial in May bky points to a dangerous concentration of agents (sarin, soman or Bi-X - gases). If the experimental tube yellow filler appears simultaneously with the control, it shows the lack of its agents or low concentration. In this case, the definition of agents in the air repeated, but instead of 5-6 K Chan and do 30-40 fork pump and lower capsules break after a 2-3-minute exposure. Positive values in this case show virtually safe concentrations of PR.

Regardless of the performance obtained when the content of nerve actions determine the presence of airborne volatile agents (phosgene, son and flax acid, cyanogen chloride) using indicator tubes and we have three green rings. To do this, break up, break it into a vial, to about rystuyuchys ampulovidkryvachem with three green dashes, insert p kirovanym no end in the slot and make the 10-15 pump head. Then remove the tube from the pump, compare the color of the filler with the standard, printed on the front side of the cassette.

Then determine the presence of mustard gas vapor in the air in May bkoyu the indicator with a yellow ring. To do this, break up, insert the pump, air pump (60 cobs) pump, remove the tube from the pump and h is cut 1 min. compared with the standard color of the filler, coated cassette indicator tubes with a yellow ring.

To investigate the air at low temperature tube at d him red ring and dot with a yellow ring and you should be heated using heating pads to open them. Thawing pipes with red c and ltsem point and held at ambient temperature 0 ^o C or below for 0.5-3 min. After thawing the tube open, break the top vials vigorously struhnuty, insert the pump and pump air through the pilot tube. The control handset is in a tripod. Followed by two heat pipes in hriltsi for 1 min., Break the ampoule lower research and dnoyi and control tubes, while struhnuty and observe the change of coloring and filler.

Tubes with a yellow ring at ambient e ment s 15 ^o C and below heated for 1-2 min. After pumping contaminated air through them.

In case of questionable indicators tubes with three green rings in determining the presence of mainly hydrogen cyanide in air at temperatures decrees nyzhenyh repeat measurements using heating pads, which when pumping tube placed in a heating pad.

In determining agents in the smoke must: put the tube into the slot at our self, to get from the machine nozzle and fix it smoke filters, covered in tening attachment to thread the pump head, make the appropriate amount of fork pump, remove the cap, remove the pump head from the breathalyzer and prov e sti definition of PR.

Definition agents on the ground, and for a variety of subjects decrees chynayetsya also determine nerve action. This, in contrast to the methods of preparation device in a funnel attachment to deter lyayutsya cap. Then put the nozzle into the ground or the surface of the object being studied so that the funnel covered with on site and more pronounced signs of infection, and prokachuyuchy through the tube decrees winds, making 60 fork pump. Read the attachment, throw the cap is removed from the slot breathalyzer and determine the presence of chemical agents.

To determine the agents in the soil and granular materials are prepared and inserted into the pump i tion corresponding indicator tube screw cap, I inserted tion cap, then take a shovel test topsoil (snow) or loose material and poured it into the funnel cap to the brim. Funnel region and would pave the smoke filters and fix prytyskuyuchym ring. P and after that through the breathalyzer pumped air (up to 120 cobs us at sa), throw the cap with stopper and protydymovym fil t rum. Loosening the cap, take out the breathalyzer and determine the nature and pr PR.

Engineering protection of the population: storage, antirad shelter and so on.

Collective Protection

By means of collective protection defenses include: storage, radiation and simple shelter.

Storage - this type of tight defenses that protect against all damaging factors that arise in PSD peace and wartime . People ukryvayutsya in storage, do not use personal protective equipment.

Radiation shelter - a building that are designed to protect people from ionizing radiation, contamination of radioactive substances, aerosols and droplets NHR biological agents.

Shelter simpler type - a slit trenches, dugouts. In their summary does not take much time, but they can effectively protect people from many damaging factors.

Protective structures classified by purpose, location, time of construction, the protective properties of capacity.

By appointment protective structures are distinguished into general and special. first used by the population or staff, the latter equipped to host governments, public address systems and communications, medical institutions.

The city of the protective structure is divided into separately built and located.

Built-in protective equip facilities in basement and basement houses.

Free-standing defenses created outside of buildings.

By the time construction of fortifications built in the early fall (they are the repositories of capital durable fire safe materials) and those that are created quickly. Recent construction in the special period when the threat of an emergency, while typically used scrap materials.

According protective storage properties are divided into 5 classes. Protective properties are determined by the ability to design structures to withstand a certain amount of excess air pressure of the shock wave of a nuclear explosion.

For storage capacity to distinguish small (their capacity up to 600 people), medium (capacity - 600 ... 2000 people) and large capacity, calculated for more than 2000 people.

By the protective properties of storage presented by requirements that involve strict implementation of the rules of construction and operation. Only in this case, the protective structures can be applied for their intended purpose.

The most important of these requirements are:

• repository should provide reliable protection against all damaging factors NA;

• design used in their construction should not lose their mechanical properties under conditions of high temperatures;

• storage should be properly equipped for people staying in them for at least two days;

• their overlap should provide the estimated frequency of attenuation of ionizing radiation;

• simple shelter set up in a way that could protect people against light radiation, ionizing radiation and of the air shock wave of a nuclear explosion.

Storage consists of main and auxiliary buildings (Fig. 7). 's main facilities are ukryvayemyh people - 4, platforms, gateways - 2, and the auxiliary - filtering Camera - 6 of sanitary ing ly - 3 by diesel power inputs - 1 (platforms and peredtambury) and outputs - 5 Medical Room - 7 pantry for food 8. room to accommodate ukryvayemyh calculated for a certain number of people: one person is expected not less than 0.5 m ² floor area and 1.5 m ³ inside w it into volume. The height of the buildings take shelter under the nym at scale use in peacetime, but not less than 2.2 m from the floor to the bottom mark protruding structures overlap (coverage).

Large expanses of space divided into compartments with a capacity of 50-75 people. In rooms (compartments) equipped with a two-tiered or n and ri - bench seating and shelves for lying. The distance from the floor to the top-tier speakers or structures shall be not less than 0,75 m.

Figure. 7 deployment plan storage premises

Ski storage facilities where people are well sealed to ensure that they do not penetrate contaminated radioactive, toxic substances and p is the bacterial mass air. This can be achieved is appreciat tion density of walls and ceilings, the destruction of these cracks, holes and Ed at Vienna equipment inputs.

In the filtering chamber housed filtering unit FVA-49 (CRF-1, CRF-2), which provides shelter and ventilation cleaning outside air from the radioactive, toxic and ba k terialnyh means. In Fig. 8 shows a schematic diagram of filter t roventylyatsiyi.

Figure. 8 Schematic diagram of filtroventylyatsiyi repository.

Shelter small capacity: Ogol nick emergency exit - 1; Ogol nick temperature and trezaboru valve-cutter - 2;-resistant filters - 3; filters-pohlynuvachi - 4 povitrerozvidna snare shall shave nick exhaust system 6, overpressure valve - 7; Electric hand fans - 8 sealed valve - 9; protective airtight wall - 10.

Filtroventylyatsiyi system can operate in two modes: pure ventilation and filtroventylyatsiyi. In the first mode, the air is cleared from the coarse radioactive dust (dust in the filter), the second - from other radioactive substances as well as toxic substances and bacteria and lnyh means (Filters-absorbers). The air supply is carried out by decrees vitrovodah by a fan. Number of outdoor air that is fed into the shelter by using a clean ventilation is installed in the same ARRANGEMENTS depends on air temperature and can be anywhere from 7 to 20 m ³ / h., and the regime filtroventylyatsiyi - from 2 to 8 m ³ / h. for every person who ukryvayetsya.

If the shelter is located in a place where possible fire or zahazov ness and territory potent substances can predict mode n at vnoyi insulation cover areas of regeneration air in them.

Screens ductwork located in secret, painted: pure mode ventilation - in white; filtroventylyatsiyi regime - in red. Air recirculation pipes and painted red.

If the cover is securely sealed, then you close the doors, shutters and bringing filtering unit into operation air pressure inside the storage mustache is to be somewhat higher atmospheric (a so-called lockup).

Ski diesel power plant located near nishnoyi out in the wall, and separated from other rooms nezhorayemoyu wall (septum) with 1 hour fire-resistance rating.

In the shelter equipped various systems:

Electricity and communications . Power supply to many commonly u etsya from external power supply, and if necessary from an independent elektrodzherela - defensive diesel power. In case of breach of electricity in the shelter provides emergency lighting from Move at snyh electric lamps, batteries, veloheneratoriv and other sources (wiring pipes are painted black).

Shelter should have a phone connection with item management object and loudspeaker connected to regional or local yektovoyi on `p and diotranslyatsiynoyi network.

Water and sewage storage are carried out on the basis of total water and sewer networks. In addition, the shelter provided for the creation of emergency water supplies and waste water to be ab work and depending on the status of external networks (water supply pipes are painted in green color f ing).

The minimum supply of water flowing in containers pose calculation with Mr. Ku 6 liters for drinking and 4 liters for sanitation needs at each mine have covered the entire term of the settlement, and in shelters with a capacity of 600 people or more - in addition to fire 4.5 m ³ .

Heating. provides heating to the shelter. It is the total system (heating system at home). For the regulation of temp and tours and off the heating in the heating system installed shutoff valve (tube painted in brown. Indoors store ro mischuyutsya of dosimetric devices, chemical detection, protective clothing, fire fighting equipment, emergency supply of tools, equipment and emergency SALT tlennya , supply of food and water, sanitary property.

In the shelter should also documents that define characters with teak and its maintenance rules, passport, plan and table of equipment, the circuit of at vnishnih and internal networks, indicating disabling devices, magazine cover status.

Quick storage.

In them, as in the early built shelters should be room for ukryvayemyh, space for the filter is a simple ntylyatsiynoho equipment or industrial production, bathroom, emergency supply of water, entrances and exits, emergency exit. In a small container shelters bathroom and container waste may be placed in t and mburi, water tanks, where they are based people.

For quick build shelters used assembly hall and zobeton, collectors items fortifications underground urban households of households. Sections installed using cranes. At the entrance of the ukry t cha necessarily pose robust protective airtight doors that are designed for the perception of the same pressures as the basic design cover.

Basements with stone `wooden houses weaken radiation in the 200-300 times the average of the basement stone drunk in the house several floors - in 500-1000 times in the basement of wooden houses - in the 7-12 times .

During antirad shelter can be used and ground decrees riding facilities and buildings. More suitable for this stone `wooden and brick house and NKI, having the main walls and small square openings. first multi-storey stone `wooden structures weaken radiation by 5-7 times, and ve r Their (except the last) - 50 times .

Capacity MDP depending on the area of shelter facilities may be 50 or more.

In the MDP provide basic and auxiliary facilities. The main facilities include ukryvayemyh, and the auxiliary sanitary, ventilation, and others. Premises and accommodation ukryvayemyh calc hovuyetsya based on rules per ukryvayemoho 0.4 - 0.5 m ² .

The height of buildings in the MDP re proektuyemyh buildings take at least 1.9 m from the floor to the bottom mark protruding structures (at p crit). In the main room MDP equipped two-or three-tiered bunks - benches for seating and shelves for lying.

One MDP in basements, underground, mines, Pec f inv, cellars or other underground areas height 1.7 - 1.9 m provides for a single-stage chayut location b.

At ASU capacity of more than 300 people providing ventilation space, the size of which is determined by the dimensions of the equipment and space required for maintenance. At ASU capacity of 300 persons and less ventilation equipment may be placed directly in ca tion and for ukryvayemyh.

Adaptations stone drunk at home MDP (Fig. 9).

Figure. 9 radiation shelter with stone adapted house and respiration

To do this, set the frame reinforcement overlap - 1 armholes filled with bricks - 2, poured a layer of insulation - 3, 30-40-cm soil layer pidsypky - 4, doing rollers to seal the porch door - 5, crumble ground exterior walls - 6, establish a forced - 7 and Wit I zhnyy boxes - 9, filled with bricks around the armholes box - 8. At month t bones in the shelter 20 people consumption of materials will be: wood 0,90 m ³ , 0.25 kg of nails, bricks 600 pcs., soil 10 - 12 m ³ . The complexity of work - 70-90 people. / H., Protection coefficient k at 800-1000.

Cellar, made of stone or adobe, are almost ready MDP (Fig. 10).

Figure. 10 cellar, adapted for the MDP.

Fig .11 Adjustments room house at ASU.

In apartment buildings at ASU best to adapt ext trishni ground and basement (Fig. 12). To do this, they zamur at vuyut window armholes, various cracks and holes, adjust the door and knocked their dense tissue, increase overlap and arrange ventilation (using ducts). Shelter can be placed over the entire area of the basement (a) or in the middle part (b).

It is well to carry out work on adaptation under the MDP is zahlybl them household and warehouse buildings.

a) b)

Fig.12 radiation shelter in the basement storey building much about

Fig.13 radiation shelter with protection against Osip district of

Shown in Figure 13 ASU without protection against shattering in gl and soils nystyh by 10 people.: Open doors - 1, anti-dust filter - 2 December district of goods obsypka 60 - 80 cm - 3 floors - 4 of rolling, exhaust duct - 5 out of a slinkoyu - 6 of thick fabric, remote container - 7 for waste drainage to about lodyaz - 8. MDP can be constructed in dense soils outside the areas of possible damage. Slopes of excavation in such MDP make more gentle. At the same time take into account the density of the soil, the length and width of the elements overlap area of their resistance to the edge of the pit.

Digging pits the best bulldozer or excavator. This significantly reduces construction time. For wall insulation from humidity should first cover is accepted of scrap materials - hvorostyanymy or reed m and Tami, mats, burlap and others.

As the overlap can be used ready-concrete slabs, logs and poles, arched fascines and stems of plants (cane, sorghum stalks, rolled in kurudzy, sunflowers, reeds). These plants can be used in a Prospect and Rodney, and are connected in a straight, arched or circular fascines.

Fig. 14. MDP with the means of protection against shattering

In a weak and loose soil to build MDP with a means of protection against shattering. The easiest and most reliable in such cases is the shelter of logs or podtovarniki (Zherdiy) bezvrubochnoyi structures (Figure 14) Its width should not exceed 1.6 m, which allows you to put ua and vayemyh there people in two rows along the walls. MDP bezvrubochnoyi vault design in the following order: tear pit at the bottom of the pit are placed lying down, and between them - the lower frame spacing, in two or three Zherdiy hung at the correct height upper frame, buck lying down on the two centuries of Rin lower side of the rack and prytyskuyut their soil; ukladuyut top N and executioner, to rolling in multiple locations bolted upper frame, building a complete and Stu asleep soil.

In loose soils and weak, if any melting or cane, the best would duvaty MDP ring with fascines. This cover is quite reliable, it can build up quickly. It is important to take steps to the ground not spilled through fax and tires.

In the absence of wood and other materials MDP can be constructed from the village and mana. Surface MDP with adobe do as a vault at approx Kiv adobe (adobe arches) in hard soils with emphasis on wall trenches, with the same weak soils initially taught the walls, and then reduce the glass is foam on the walls of resistance. Vaults are taught by temporary shoring. On top of the cover layer of fill soil.

Simple shelter - slit. requirements of the easiest to hide in and meet increasingly common, well-known gap which is pretty good with myself and encouraged during WWII.The Role of ni and tench in a war with nuclear weapons is not reduced, but rather ha s schuyetsya. It can be opened and blocked with means of protection against shattering without them. If people ukryvayutsya in simple, non-overlapped schil and tries, the probability of shock wave damage, Radiators, Mr. Yum light and ionizing radiation nuclear explosion reduced by 1.5-2 times in n equation at the same time, if a person is in an open area; partial and message of human exposure to the radioactive contamination will decrease by 2-3 times, and after decontamination of infected cracks - 20 times and would lshe.

Figure. 15 crack no protection against shattering

In Fig.15 given cross-sectional cracks without protection against shattering (a - open b - overlay with reinforced concrete slabs): bench for ukryvayemyh - 1 stand - 2 diameter of 5 - 6 cm wall - 3 of podtovarniki (croaker, melting), Flooring - 5 vodovidvodna ditch - 6 nenavant and weighted resistance area - 7, reinforced concrete slab - 8 Ground obsypka - 9 parapet - 4. This gap can be constructed in any soil (except bulk). Its digging depth 170 - 180 cm, width of the top 110 - 120 cm at the bottom to 80 cm. These dimensions provide minimum conditions slits to contain people and most of its resistance to the impact of the shock wave.

Crack length is determined by the number of people ukryvayemyh it. When placing ukryvayemyh people sitting slit length is determined by the account Ro 0.5 - 0.6 meters per person. In crevices and can provide space for lying down at the rate of 1.5-1.8 poh.m per person. In the gap to 10 people can have 7 seats and 3 seats for lying. Length of this gap 8 - 10 m. Normal capacity gap of 10-15 people and the largest - 50.

To weaken existing disease of the wave at people who ukryvayutsya ni and tench make zigzag or broken. Length of straight section n at fault to be no more than 15 m. The distance between the slits - not less than 10 m.

Figure. 16. The gap with the means of protection against shattering.

In Fig. Gap 16 is provided with means of protection against shattering (a - opened, - with overlapping log): the pins - 1 diameter 10 - 12 cm, guy lines - 2 wire with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm Rack - 3 diameter 10 - 12 cm , partition of podtovarniki (croaker, melting) - 4 floors of logs - 5 diameter 14 - 16 cm layer of roofing felts (roofing) - 6.

Protective properties slit amplified by overlapping it count at ladies bars or reinforced concrete slabs. If possible, make a slit with a means of protection against shattering, especially in the construction of the zone of possible damage. These cover the gap and overlap on top of us and lar 30-cm soil layer. At the ends overlapping slits Stand in regimenting ventilation ducts cut 20 ´ 20 cm Upper their openings closed caps so that they can be opened and closed with a slit.

In doing crack or vertical with an external hatch - and or sloping entrances with doors or shield - b (Figure 17) ladders - 1 pack - 2 diameter 14 - 16 cm reference frame - 3 of log diameter 14 - 16 cm shield - 4 bilayer boards with 6 - 7 cm mount - 5 turf drainage well.

Figure 17 The gap with vertical or sloping entrances.

To manually digging slit with a capacity of 10 people (to extract 12 - 15 m ³ of soil) to spend 25-30 pers. / hr., that 3 men can A bucket and slot you in 10-12 hours. To perform work on equipment protection against shattering and ceiling of the gap to about the same time and workers. Thus, two groups of workers and 3 men can build override slot for 10 people for one day.

RULES STAY IN defenses

Population ukryvayetsya protective structures for the CH signals. They need to go organized, quickly and without panic. The repository comfortable position groups, with those who work or live together in one house.

Each group appointed senior. Those with children are placed in separate compartments or in designated areas. Elderly and sick trying to hold closer to the vent pipe.

In store (cover) must come with their personal protection respiratory, food and documents.

You may not bring bulky items with a strong odor, flammable, lead animals.

The repository is forbidden without the need to go, noise, smoke, go outside without permission of the commandant.

All in storage shall comply with the orders of the assistant repository to provide all possible assistance to the sick and disabled.

The concept of evacuation and dispersal

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
One of the main ways of protection from modern weapons in wartime, and in cases of emergency man-made or natural character is its evacuation.
evacuation - a set of measures organized export (output) populations from areas of emergency man-made or natural origin, and in case of enemy weapons of mass destruction, and placing it in advance prepared under priority livelihood secure areas (areas outside of the damaging factors PSD sources).
Dispersion - is organized by the removal of the bridge and accommodation in the suburban area of workers and employees of companies and organizations that continue to work in these cities, as in NA peaceful and wartime .

Placing evacuees in safe areas

Safe area - it is suitable for life district
placing evacuees, defined decision
relevant executive authority outside the zones of possible
destruction, chemical contamination, catastrophic flooding,
massive forest and peat fires, and hazardous
contamination;
safe distance areas where evacuees population is determined by taking into account economic and military importance of cities categorical and geographical conditions of the area.For each categorical city-defined boundary closest safe distance, which is:
for city special group - 40-50 km.,
for cities of the first group - thirty-40km.,
for cities of the second group - 25 or thirty miles.,
for the third bridge groups - 20-25 km,
for sites of special importance (outside the categorical city) - 15-20 km.

The farthest limit of the placement is determined by the terrain and non-urban areas and transportation options.

Medical evacuation and dispersal of

In the towns and villages of the district organization of medical support evacuees and staff dispersed objects Economics relies on chief local agency public health.

To develop the plan and organization of medical care of the population in time of emergency, it must have the following information: the number of teams evacuation points (EPZ) and landing points (PP), the place of their deployment, the number of levels to escape on foot columns, the total number of evacuees to deployment of temporary medical facilities,  projected demand for medical men and equipment by institutions and healthcare city (district).

In rural areas it should have information on the number of drop-off points (PE), intermediate points escape (PPE) and receiving - evacuation points (PEP), the place of their deployment to deploy temporary medical facilities and medical care of the population comes from the city.

Staff health centers that are deployed, perform the following tasks:

1.Vyyavlyaye patients and survivors, conducting their medical sorting, provides medical care and hospitalization if necessary.

2.Vyyavlyaye temporarily isolate infectious and hospitalized patients.

3.Vyyavlyaye among evacuees health workers and involve them in providing medical care.

4. Oversees the sanitary condition of EPZ, PE, PX, PES, PES, transport, temporary accommodation areas evacuees.

5. Carried out anti-epidemic measures.

During a medical evacuation means removal of the affected lesion to hospitals, where they were provided with medical assistance and treatment to the final result. The path that is medical evacuation is called the way of medical evacuation.

Medical evacuation ensures timeliness of first medical and specialized assistance to victims. Its use makes it possible to combine scattered at the place and time of treatment and preventive measures in a single process of care. Medical evacuation from step to step allows for continuity and consistency of care.

There are general rules for evacuation of affected during natural disasters and man-made disasters:

- making (export) victims as soon as possible with a lesion to the termination of the damaging factors;

- tyazhkovrazhenym providing emergency medical care directly at the lesion to conduct their evacuation to hospitals.

- Therefore, when a large sanitary losses outside fire disasters created gathering places affected, where they provided medical assistance to the evacuation and temporary residence provided for the withdrawal of non-transportable condition. Create a gathering place makes a medical sort and prioritize transportation. At the point of collection work crew ambulances and medical staff who aim to provide medical assistance as well as personnel Object medical units;

- with significant accidents and catastrophes discrepancy arises the need for ambulance transport capabilities of its software. Therefore, using a dedicated public transport use (adapted transport) and any transport stopped and sent to the lesion employees of state traffic police (GAI);

- the calculations required in vehicles is that the average speed of movement should not exceed 30 - 40 km / h even good ways. Last night sanitation vehicle can including loading and unloading, sanitization go from 200 to 300 km. For public transport a repeat flights not included, but is only accounting machine and flights.

- patients with severe lesions in the ambulance to evacuate (specially equipped) transport his physician (paramedic, nurse) with medical assistance during the evacuation. It is believed that sanitary transport to be affected by the evacuation of 50-60%;

- the provision of medical assistance to the victims that learned from the lesions SDYAV radioactive substances and bacterial agents, medical personnel and rescue workers in points (locations) for the collection and evacuation should work in personal protective equipment. After delivery affected during medical evacuation should take place sanitary (special) processing and transport of medical personnel.

Public notification in the event of an emergency.

Alert the public about the threat of natural disasters, major accidents (accidents) and attack enemy held civil defense headquarters. To attract the attention of people included sirens, whistles firms other means. This means the transmission warning signal "ATTENTION EVERYONE!". After receiving 'ATTENTION EVERYONE! "To include radio or television receiver and listen to information given about the situation that has arisen, an indication Civil Defence Headquarters in accordance with the information transmitted.

FEATURES OF MEDICAL evacuation support the population in case of natural disasters

Experience of medical support people during rescue operations shows that at certain particular situations resulting from natural disasters, great importance is the medical intelligence. Generally, it is all medical management (formations units).

The main objectives of medical and tactical reconnaissance is to collect data on the number of patterns of pathology among the victims and their locations, search terms, data collection and removal from catastrophes, identifying ways to advance the state of medical units, to ascertain the presence and condition of medical capabilities caught in the disaster area, premises suitable for deployment stages of medical evacuation, identify ways of evacuation to hospitals.

The basis of sanitary and epidemiological research is to collect data on the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the center of the disaster, including information about epidemic foci, the quality of air, water, food, sanitation area, utilities and other public infrastructure, health and epidemiological status of health care and other institutions that may affect the implementation of the PA sanitation measures, clarification of sanitary-epidemiological situation and the degree of vulnerability.

Organization of medical care in the disaster area can be divided into three periods:

n e r w i th - time of separation, which lasts from the beginning of the situation prior to the implementation of an organized rescue and other emergency operations (0,5-6 hours);

Dr s in g th - saving time, which lasts from the beginning of the rescue operations to the end of the final evacuation outside the fire disaster (from 6 hours to several days);

t p e r and th - the rehabilitation period, which lasts from the beginning of the planned treatment and rehabilitation of victims (victims) to final cure (1 to 90 days).

When EARTHQUAKES categorically prohibits medical units and establishments in buildings that remained intact because of the possibility of their destruction during the repeated shocks. We must make extensive use of tents or pnevmokarkasni modules. All Locations medical units must affect pointers, and at nighttime illuminated.

At FLOODS of care is organized both flooded and the surrounding area. First aid in the flood zone is carried out by rescue groups. In certain circumstances, members of such groups include health care professional is advisable. First aid is provided directly to the injured vessels and provides warm, artificial ventilation, chest compressions, temporary immobilization of fractures, administration of pain medication.

When FIRES , especially in large areas, having a population not only thermal burns and carbon monoxide poisoning, but also moral and psychological trauma. Medical assistance at fires has features as victims wanted hampered by smoke area or buildings, and the emergence of combined injuries: burns trauma, burns smoke poisoning, burns, mental shock and more.

Before giving first aid to the population during the fires but fire departments and rescue personnel units, immediately attracted brigade ambulance in the case of single, small-sized fires they cope with the problem.

Main activities and protection of population and territories

The main objective of civil protection in emergencies is to protect the public.

Protecting the population - is to create the conditions necessary for the preservation of life and health in emergencies.

The main purpose of protective measures - to avoid or minimize injury population.

The system of protection of population and territories held across the state in the event of threats and emergencies include: information and notification, monitoring and control, hiding in the defenses, evacuation, engineering, medical, psychological, biological, ecological, chemical and radiation protection , personal protective equipment, self-help, mutual assistance in emergency situations.

Engineering protection

In order to prevent emergency situations of technogenic and natural character of artificial protection measures are taken during the design and operation of buildings and other facilities management, the consequences of which could adversely affect the safety of people and the environment.

Health Protection

To prevent shock people or reduce its extent, timely medical assistance to victims of the epidemic well-being in the areas of emergency situations of technogenic and natural character necessary to carry out the following activities: planning and use of available forces and means of health care regardless of ownership and management; deployment in an emergency situation required number of hospitals, early application of preventive medicines and sanitary-epidemiological measures, quality control of food, raw food, drinking water and source water supply of air and precipitation, environmental, sanitary and epidemiological situation , early development and training of medical units, medical personnel and the general medical and sanitary education of the population, the accumulation of health protection, medical and special property and equipment, training methods people in first aid, prevention of health effects of harmful environmental factors and consequences of emergencies.

Biological Protection

Biological protection involves timely detection of biological contamination of complex administrative and economic, regime-restrictive and specific preventive and medical measures.

Radiation and chemical protection

Radiation and chemical protection involves the identification and assessment of radiological and chemical environment, organizing and conducting radiological and chemical control, develop common mode radiation protection of individual and collective protection, organization and carrying out decontamination.