I. Horbachevsky Ternopil STATE MEDICAL university

NursE INSTITUTE

Medical biology, microbiology, virology and immunology department

 

“CONFIRME”

Vice-rector for educational work

 

Prof. I. R. Mysula

 

25.06.2008 

 

 

 

 

WORK PROGRAM

 

microbiology

Speciality “Nurse” – 5.110102

 

NORMATIVE DATA

 

 

 

The program was composed by prof. Klymnyuk S.I., as. Pokryshko O.V.

 

The program was discussed at Department meeting                  12.06.2008,  minute № 12

 

The Head of department                                                                          Prof. Klymnyuk S.I.

 

 

The program was confirmed accepted at Nursing Institute cycle methodological commission

The Head of   commission                                               S. Kovalenko

 

18.08.2008, minute no 6

 

 

 

 

Ternopil 2008

 

1. The aim and problems of a subject

 

Development of a medical science and practice of public health services have shown importance and fundamental value of microbiology, virology and immunologists in training of nurses. Any of actual problems of modern medicine cannot be solved without knowledge of this science.

The basic purpose of microbiology studying is formation of knowledge about general laws of a structure, ability to live and distribution of microbes, their values as causative agents of diseases, methodical approaches of their diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

The microbiology, virology and immunology for students of Nursing school is taught as one complex discipline, which closely connected with others: chemistry, biology, infectious diseases, etc.

 

2. Structure and the maintenance (contents) of a subject

The subject is submitted by three basic sections – the general microbiology, immunology both special microbiology and virology.

In section “General microbiology” the significant attention is given to studying of bases of classification, morphology, physiology, variability of microorganisms, uses of this phenomenon in biotechnology and genetic engineering, distribution of microorganisms iature.

In section “Immunology” mechanisms of non-specific host defense of an organism, structure of immune system, mechanisms of interaction of immune cells and antigens are discussed. The special attention addresses to immunobiological preparations, principles of their obtaining and application for immune prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

In section “Special microbiology and virology” different properties of causative agents of bacterial and viral diseases, some aspects of pathogenesis, clinical findings, epidemiology, microbiological and virologic diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases are considered.

 

 

 

LECTURES’ SCHEDULE

IN MICROBIOLOGY, Virology and Immunology

2008-2009 YEAR

 

 

Head of Department                                                          Prof. S.I. Klymnyuk

 

 

 

 

Practical classes’ schedule

 

Head of Department                                                             Prof. S.I. Klymnyuk

 

 

 

INDEPENDENT WORK Schedule

 

 

 

Head of Department                                                             Prof. S.I. Klymnyuk

 

3. МЕТHODOLOGICAL DISCIPLINE PROVIDING

 

3.1. Texts of the lectures.

3.2. Methodological materials for practical classes:

1) Students’ methodological instructions for practical classes.

3.3. Lists of studuinf equipments:

1)                 microscopes;

2)                 nutrient media;

3)                 films;

4)                 computer slides;

5)                 tables;

6)                 slide projector;

7)                 computer system;

8)                 CD-roms.

3.4. Situation problems

4. Examples of test questions for final exam

 

1. For statement of the microbiological diagnosis it is necessary to obtain pure

culture of a microorganism. What is the pure culture of bacteria?

A. Bacteria of one kind which grow as a superficial lay

B. Growth of bacteria of one kind on a solid nutrient medium

C. Growth of bacteria of one kind on a nutrient medium

D. Growth of bacteria of one kind on a liquid nutrient medium

E. Bacteria of one kind killed by heating

 

2. For obtain  pure cultures one of the next  methods is used.

Choose among listed one of such methods.

A. Fortner’s method

B. Drigalskies’ method

C.  Membrane filter method

D. Hins’ method

E. Leffler’s method

 

3. Specify sanitary – indicative microbes of air.

А. Neisseria, Streptococcus haemolyticus

B. Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringensa

C. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus

D. Sarcina luteae, Actynomycetes

E. Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae

 

4.  What diseases can be transferred through water more often?

A. Tuberculosis, tetanus

B. Typhoid fever, dysentery, hepatites A

C. Anthrax, plagues, tularemia

D. Flu, measles, diphtherias

E. Botulism, gas gangren infections,  tetanus

 

5. The function/s of a viral capsid is/are:

A. it protects the viral genome from physical and enzymatic destruction.

B. it provides binding sites that enable the virus to attach to specific receptor sites on the host cell.

C. it serves as a vehicle of transmission from one host to another.

D. all of the above.

 

6. The typical course of an untreated HIV infection extends over 10 or more years. There is usually a long period (clinical latency) between the time of primary HIV infection and the development of AIDS. During this period of clinical latency

A.                       HIV is not detectable in the plasma

B.                       CD4 cell counts remain unchanged

C.                       Virus cannot be transmitted to others

D.                      *Virus is present in lymphoid organs        

E.     Neutralizing antibodies are not elicited

 

7. Viral coinfections occur in HIV-1-infected inviduals and may contribute to morbidity and mortality. The most common coinfection in HIV-1-positive persons involves

A.     *Hepatitis C virus

B.     Hepatitis D virus

C.     Human immunodeficiency virus type 2

D.    HumanT-lymphotropic virus  

E.     Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus

 

8. What characteristic is shared by the Salk and the Sabin vaccines?

  A. Both are attenuated, active vaccines.

  B. Both are composed of virus serotypes 1, 2, and 3.

  C. Both are administered by injection.

  D. Both are capable of reversion to virulence

  E. Both are shed in the feces of vaccinees.

 

9. Infection by these viruses is preventable with a licensed vaccine

A. Coxsackievirus A

  B. Coxsackievirus B

  C. Enterovirus 72

  D. Poliovirus

  E. Rhinovirus

 

5. Control form and criteria of evaluation of students’ knowledge at the end of working day.

 

I. CRITERIA OF PRACTICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION

 

 

 

II. evaluation  Criteria of students’ participation

in discussion

 

 

 

 

 

III. CRITERIA OF WRITING CONTROL OF KNOWLEDGE EVALUATION

 

For writing control of knowledge department uses situation tasks, structural questions, tests etc. A student collects the certain sum of conditional marks. Every type of control is estimated separately, for example: tests 0,5 – 1 mark; structural tasks  3 –5 marks; situation tasks 7 –10 mark. The marks’ sum converts according to 12-mark scale of evaluation.

 

 

SUMMARY. Every student will have general mark according to his/her participation in carrying out practical work, discussion and answering the control tasks.

 

 

MAIN PROGRAM QUESTION

FOR MICROBIOLOGY, VIROLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

 

1.     Microbiology as a branch of general biology, which studies the natural phenomenons of life and development of microorganisms. The tasks of medical microbiology and virology. The value of microbiology in doctor’s activity.

2.     History of native microbiology, immunology, and virology. Its role in progress of world science.

3.     Main stages of development of microbiology. Achievements and problems of a microbiology.

4.     Louis Pasteur’s and Robert Koch’s works and their role in the development of microbiology.

5.     Origin and evolution of microorganisms. The main principles of bacterial systematics. Modern systematics and nomenclature of procaryotic microorganisms. Main taxons. Species as a base taxonomic unit. Definition of subspecies, biovar, pathovar, chemovar, phagovar, clone, strain.

6.     Main differences of procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. The forms of bacteria with defects of cell wall’s synthesis: protoplasts, spheroplasts, L-forms.

7.     Morphology and ultrastructure of bacteria. Role of nucleoid, cytoplasm, inclusions, cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule, flagella, pili, spores etc. for bacterial activity and pathogenesis of infectious diseases.

8.     Types and mechanisms of bacterial nutrition. Mechanisms of penetration of nutrient substances into bacterial cell. Chemical composition of microorganisms. Nutrient media, demand to them. Classification of nutrient media used in microbiology.

9.     Respiration in microorganisms. Aerobic and anaerobic types of respiration. Enzymes and frames of microbial cells, which play their role in respiration. Methods of cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.

10. Enzymes of microorganisms, their role in metabolism. Significance. Usage for differentiation of bacteria. Enzymes of pathogenicity.

11. Growth and reproduction of bacteria. Mechanism of bacterial reproduction. Phases of bacterial reproduction.

12. Morphology and classification of Protozoa.

13. Classification and morphology of fungi.

14. Ecology of microorganisms. Distribution of microbes iature. Soil microflora. Microflora of the water. Microflora of the air. Diseases caused by these microbes. Sanitary-indicative bacteria. Methods of their examinations.

15. Normal microflora of the human body, its role in physiological processes and in pathology. Peculiarities of normal microflora of the skin, mouth cavity, gastro-intestinal tract, respiratory tract, vagina,  urinary tract,  mucous membranes of the eyes. Gnotobiology.  Dysbacteriosis and causes of its appearance. Principles of treatment.

16. Methods of examination in microbiology. The features of design, equipment and working regime of bacteriological laboratory. Principles of organization, instrumentation and duty bacteriological, immunological and virological laboratories.

17. Bacterioscopic method of examination, stages, value.

18. Bacteriological method of examination. Principles and methods of isolation of bacterial pure cultures, its identification.

19. Influence of the physical, chemical and biological factors on microorganisms. Sterilization, methods, control of sterilization. Asepsis. Antisepsis.

20. Chemotherapy and chemopreparations. Chemotherapeutic index. Mechanisms of antibacterial action of Sulfonamide preparations. Role of P. Ehrlich and G. Domagk in development of the doctrine about chemotherapy.

21. Phenomenon of antagonism in bacterial world. The role of native scientists in the development of the doctrine about bacterial antagonism. Antibiotics: characteristics, principles of obtaining, units of activity. Classification of antibiotics according their origin, structures, mechanisms of actions. An action spectrum of antibiotics.

22. Drug resistance of microbes. Mechanism of formation of resistant  forms. Methods of examination of susceptibility of microbes to antibiotics. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Practical value. Principles of struggle with drug resistance of microorganisms.

23. Molecular bases of heredity of bacteria. Genotype and phenotype. Types of heredity. Non-heredity variations.

24. Hereditary variation. Mutations, their types. The types of mutagens (physical, chemical, biological). Methods of isolation of mutants. Reparations: photoreactivation and dark reparation. The mechanisms of reparations and their importance. Genetical recombinations: transformation, transduction, conjugation.

25. Cytoplasmic genetic structures. Plasmids. Their main functions. Insertion sequences (IS-elements), transposones. Role of mutations, recombinations in selection and evolutions of microorganisms. Main factors of evolution.

26. Value of genetics for development of general and medical microbiology, virology, molecular biology. Microbiologic bases of gene engineering. The scheme recombinant DNA technology. Achievements of gene engineering, usage gene engineering drugs in medicine.

27. Infection and infectious process. The factors which cause infectious process. Role of microorganisms in infectious process. Pathogenicity, virulence, units of virulence of bacteria and the methods of their determination. The factors of pathogenicity of microorganisms, their characteristics.

28. Toxins of microbes (exo- and endotoxins). Properties and chemical structures, obtaining, examination of activity of exotoxins. Their role in pathogenesis and immunogenesis of infectious diseases.

29. Role of macroorganism in the infectious process. An immune reactivity. Role of environment and social conditions in the origin and development of the infectious process. Persistence of bacteria and viruses. Forms of manifestation of infections. Concept about a relapse, reinfection, superinfection.

30. Mechanisms of the transmission of causative agents of infectious diseases.  Routes of transmission of microbes in the body.

31. Doctrine about immunodefence. Stages of development of an immunology. Forms and types of immunity.

32. Nonspecific host defense factors. Complement, its properties, pathways of its activation. Phagocytosis, types of cells. Stages of phagocytosis. Complete and uncomplete phagocytosis. Mechanisms.

33. Antigens, their characteristics and classification. Haptens, their feature. Antigenic structure of bacteria. Practical value of the doctrine about antigens of microbes. Autoantigens.

34. Antibodies, their nature. Place of synthesis, dynamics of production of antibodies. Autoantibodies.

35. Antitoxins, their properties, mechanism of action. Principles of obtaining of antitoxic sera. Units of activity, practical usage.

36. Immune system of an organism, central and peripheral organs of the immune system. Role of thymus gland in the immune response. Cells of the immune system, their types, interaction Т -, B-lymphocytes and macrophages. Their role in cell and humoral immune response.

37. Immune response of an organism. Phases of the immune response. Immunological reactions. Immunological tolerance, mechanisms of origin. Immunological memory, mechanism.

38. Hypersensitivity reaction. Immediate and delayed allergic reaction, their mechanism, differences. Practical value.

39. Serological tests, their characteristics, main types, practical use. Agglutination test, its mechanism, types. Practical use.

40. Serological tests. Precipitation test, mechanism. Use in medical practice. Precipitation test in gel.

41. Serological tests. The reactions based on a lysis phenomenon (hemolysis, bacteriolysis, cytolysis). Complement-fixation test, its practical use.

42. Serological tests with the use of labeled antibodies or antigens. Practical usage of immunofluorescence test, ELISA and radioimmunoassay.

43. Vaccines. History of obtaining. Classification of vaccines. Live vaccines, principles of obtaining. A control. Practical usage of live vaccines, assessment of efficacy.

44. Corpuscular, chemical, synthetic, gene-engineering, anti-idiotipic vaccines.

45. Chemical vaccines and anatoxins, principles of obtaining. Associated vaccines. Adsorbed vaccines, principle of «depot».

46. Anatoxins, their obtaining, clearing, unit of activity, usage, assessment.

47. Corpuscular vaccines from killed microbes. Principles of obtaining, control, assessment of efficacy.

48. Evolution of coccal bacteria, their general characteristics. Staphylococci, biological properties. Classification, practical value.

49. Role of staphylococci in human pathology, pathogenesis of diseases. The characteristics of toxins and enzymes of pathogenicity. A role in origin of hospital infection.

50. Methods of microbiologic diagnosis of staphylococcal infections and their assessment. Immune defense at staphylococcal diseases. Drugs for specific prophylaxis and therapy, assessment.

51. Streptococci, biological properties, classification. Toxins, enzymes of pathogenicity.

52. Streptococcus pneumoniae, biological properties. Pathogenicity for man and animals. Microbiologic diagnosis of pneumococcal diseases.

53. Streptococci. Role in human pathology. Pathogenesis of streptococcal diseases. Toxins and enzymes of pathogenicity of streptococci. Immunodefence. Methods of microbiologic diagnosis of streptococcal diseases.

54. Meningococci, biological properties, classification, pathogenesis and microbiologic diagnosis of meningococcal diseases and meningococcal carriage. Differentiation of meningococci and gram-negative diplococci of nasopharynx.

55. Gonococci. Biological properties, pathogenesis and microbiologic diagnosis of diseases. Prophylaxis and specific therapy of gonorrhea and blennorrhea.

56. Enterobacteria. Value in human pathology. Escherichia, their properties. Pathogenic serovars of Escherichia, their differentiation. Microbiologic diagnosis of colienterites and escherichiosis.

57. Pathogenetic principles of microbiologic diagnosis of a enteric fever and paratyphoids А and B. Methods of microbiologic diagnosis, their assessment.

58. Salmonella – causative agents of typhoid fever and paratyphoids А and B. Biological properties, antigenic structure. Pathogenesis of disease, immunodefence. Specific prophylaxis and therapy.

59. Salmonella – causative agents of acute gastroenterites (salmonelloses), their properties. Principles of classification. Pathogenesis of diseases. Microbiologic diagnosis.

60. Shigella, biological properties, classification.

61. Shigella. Role in a human pathology. Pathogenesis of dysentery, role of toxins and enzymes of pathogenicity. Immunodefence. Methods of dysentery microbiologic diagnosis, their assessment. Prophylaxis of a dysentery.

62. Vibrio cholerae, biological properties, biovars. Pathogenesis and immunodefence. Methods of microbiologic diagnosis of cholera and their assessment. Specific prophylaxis and therapy of cholera.

63. Methods of microbiologic diagnosis of vibrio carriage. Revealing of V. cholerae in water and other objects of an environment.

64. Yersinia. The causative agents of plague, history of learning, biological properties. Pathogenesis,  immunodefence, methods of microbiologic diagnosis and prophylaxis of plague. Yersinia – causative agents of pseudotuberculosis and enterocolitis, properties, microbiologic diagnosis and prophylaxis of yersinioses.

65. Causative agents of tularemia, biological properties. Pathogenesis  of disease, immunodefence, methods of microbiologic diagnosis and specific prophylaxis of tularemia.

66. Brucella, species, differentiation. Pathogenesis  of brucellosis and features of immunodefence. Methods of microbiologic diagnosis of brucellosis, their assessment. Drugs for specific prophylaxis and therapy.

67. Klebsiellae, their role in human pathology. Characteristics of pneumonia, ozena, and rhinoscleroma Klebsiellae. Microbiologic diagnosis,  prophylaxis.

68. Bordetellae, their property. Causative agents of whooping cough, morphological, antigenic and other biological properties. Microbiologic diagnosis and specific prophylaxis of whooping cough.

69. Bacillus anthracis, biological properties. Pathogenesis, microbiologic diagnosis and specific prophylaxis of anthrax. Role of the native scientists in obtaining drugs for specific prophylaxis of anthrax.

70. General comparative characteristics of anaerobic bacteria, their role in human pathology. Features of microbiologic diagnosis of diseases caused by anaerobe bacteria. Bacteroides, biological properties, value in human pathology.

71. Tetanus clostridia, biological properties, toxin production. Pathogenesis  of tetanus in man. Microbiologic diagnosis, specific prophylaxis and therapy, their theoretical basis and assessment.

72. Clostridium botulinum. Morphological properties, cultivation, antigenic structure, toxin production, classification. Pathogenesis of disease, microbiologic diagnosis, therapy and prophylaxis of a botulism.

73. Causative agents of gas anaerobic infection, properties, classification. Pathogenesis  and microbiologic diagnosis of disease. Methods of specific prophylaxis and therapy of gas gangrene.

74. Corynebacteria, characteristics. Evolution of Corynebacteria. Biovars (varieties) of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Toxin production, toxigenicity genetical determinants. Examination of diphtheria toxins.

75. Theoretical bases of specific prophylaxis of diphtheria. Antidiphtherial drugs.

76. Pathogenesis of diphtheria, immunodefence. Microbiologic diagnosis of C. diphtheriae carriage. Differentiation of C. diphtheriae and saprophytic corynebacteria.

77. Causative agents of diphtheria, biological properties. Characteristics of exotoxin. Specific prophylaxis and therapy of diphtheria. Revealing of antitoxic immune defense.

78. Pathogenic mycobacteria, their role in human pathology. Causative agents of tuberculosis, biological properties. Species of tuberculosis mycobacteria, their differentiation. Pathogenesis  and microbiologic diagnosis of tuberculosis.

79. Microbiologic diagnosis of tuberculosis. Immunity and host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy of tuberculosis. Causative agents of lepra, biological features.

80. Atypical mycobacteria. Value in human pathology.

81. Pathogenic fungi and actinomyces (causative agents of candidiasis, dermatomycoses, actinomycosis), their characteristics. Principles of microbiologic diagnosis of mycoses and actinomycosis.

82. Causative agents of syphilis. Morphological and other properties, cultivation. Pathogenesis  and immunity. Microbiologic diagnosis, prophylaxis,  and therapy of syphilis.

83. Leptospirae, their characteristics, classification. Pathogenesis, immunity. Microbiologic diagnosis of leptospirosis. Specific prophylaxis and therapy.

84. Borrelia, biological properties. Role in human pathology. Causative agents  of epidemic relapsing fever and tick-born relapsing fever. Pathogenesis, immunity. Microbiologic diagnosis of relapsing fevers. Specific therapy and prophylaxis.

85. Rickettsiae, biological properties. Classification. Rickettsiae – causative agents  of diseases in man. Causative agents of Q-fever. Pathogenesis  of disease, laboratory diagnosis, specific prophylaxis.

86. Causative agents of typhus fever, properties. Pathogenesis of disease. Laboratory diagnosis, assessment of methods. Specific prophylaxis, assessment of drugs.

87. Mycoplasmas, classification. Biological properties, methods of cultivation. Role in human. Microbiologic diagnosis of mycoplasmoses.

88. Chlamydia, classification, biological properties. Methods of cultivation. Role in human pathology. Microbiologic diagnosis of chlamydioses.

89. Plasmodia malariae, their characteristics. Pathogenesis  of malaria. Microbiologic diagnosis . Specific prophylaxis and therapy.

90. Toxoplasms, morphology, features of cultivation. Pathogenesis of disease. Microbiologic diagnosis. Prophylaxis, therapy.

91. Pathogenic protozoa, biological properties. Classification. Role in pathology in man. Leishmania, properties, pathogenesis of diseases. Microbiologic diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

92. Сonditional  pathogenic microorganism, biological properties, etiological role in development of opportunistic infections. The characteristics of diseases caused by conditional pathogenic microorganisms.

93. Hospital (nosocomial) infection, conditions of their origin. Properties of hospital ecovars of microorganisms. Microbiologic diagnosis of pyo-inflammatory, wound and burn infections, caused by hospital strains of bacteria.

94. Clinical microbiology, subject, tasks, methods of examinations. The object of research, criterion of etiological role of the conditional pathogenic microorganisms, isolated from pathological locus.

95. History of discovering and main stages of development of virology. The contribution of the native scientists. Methods of examinations of viruses, their assessment.

96. Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses. Types of viruses symmetry. Chemical composition and functions of the viruses components.

97. Bacteriophages, history studying. Structure, classification of phages according their morphology. Methods of qualitative and quantitative examination of bacteriophages.

98. Types of interaction of bacteriophages with bacterial cell. Virulent, temperate phages. Characteristics of productive interaction. Lysogeny and phage conversion.

99. Modern views about nature and origin of viruses. Place of viruses in the live systems.

100.    Principles of classification of viruses. Main properties of viruses of man and animals.

101.    Methods of cultivation of viruses and their value.

102.    Serological tests, which use in virology. Neutralization test, mechanism, principles of use, diagnostic value.

103.    Hemagglutination and haemadsorption test. Mechanism, use, diagnostic value.

104.    Hemagglutination inhibition test, its mechanism, conditions of carrying out, principles of use, diagnostic value.

105.    Complement-fixation test, its mechanism, assessment. Features of carrying out of CFT for diagnosis of viral diseases.

106.    Serological reactions with the use of labeled antibodies and antigens in virology. Immunofluorescent test.

107.    Usage of cell cultures in virology. Classification of cell cultures. Media for cultivation of cell cultures.

108.    Types of interaction of viruses and cells. The characteristics of productive interaction, its stages.

109.    Pathogenesis’ features of viral infections. Acute and persistent virus infections.

110.    Immunological features of viral infections. The factors anti-virus host defense.

111.    Methods of examination of viruses in cell cultures and their assessment. Cytopathic effects of viruses, their types.

112.    Nonspecific host defense antiviral factors, their characteristics. Interferons, mechanism of action.

113.    Viral vaccines, classification, principles of obtaining, demands to them, control, assessment of efficacy.

114.    Orthomyxoviruses. History of studying, biological properties, classification.

115.    Methods of laboratory diagnosis of flu and their assessment.

116.    Antigenic structure and types of antigenic variability of flu viruses. Modern hypotheses, which explain antigenic variability of Orthomyxoviruses.

117.    Pathogenesis  of influenza and immune host defense. Role of specific and nonspecific mechanisms in immunity.

118.    Problems of specific prophylaxis and therapy of influenza. Drugs, their assessment.

119.    Paramyxoviridae, general characteristics. parainfluenza viruses, their biological properties. Role in pathology in man. Laboratory diagnosis of diseases.

120.    Measles virus, biological properties, cultivation. Pathogenesis  of infection. Laboratory diagnosis,  specific prophylaxis.

121.    Epidemic parotitis virus. Pathogenesis  of infection. Laboratory diagnosis,  specific prophylaxis.

122.    Paramyxoviridae. Respiratory syncytial virus. Biological properties, role in pathology. Methods of diagnosis of diseases. Prophylaxis.

123.    Picornaviruses, general characteristics of the family. Antigenic structure. Biological features of Coxsakie viruses, properties. Value in human pathology.

124.    Epidemic poliomyelitis viruses, characteristics, classification. Pathogenesis  and immunity. Laboratory diagnosis,  specific prophylaxis.

125.    Enteroviruses (Coxackie viruses, ЕСНО viruses), general characteristics, classification. Laboratory diagnosis of enteroviruses infection.

126.    Rhinoviruses, biological properties. Classification. Role in human pathology. Methods of laboratory diagnosis of infections. Prophylaxis.

127.    Rhabdoviruses. Rabies virus, biological properties. Pathogenesis of disease. Laboratory diagnosis. Differentiation of fixed and street rabies viruses. Specific prophylaxis of rabies.

128.    General characteristics of Arboviruses ecological group. Tick-borne encephalitis virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. History of discovering and learning of these viruses. Biological properties, methods of laboratory diagnosis,  specific prophylaxis.

129.    Rubiviruses. Rubella virus. Biological properties. Antigens. Pathogenesis  of disease, immunity. Laboratory diagnosis,  specific prophylaxis.

130.    Retroviruses, biological properties. Classification. The mechanism of virus carcinogenesis.

131.    Herpesviruses, biological properties, value in human pathology. Laboratory diagnosis of diseases.

132.    Adenoviruses, biological properties. Antigenic structure, cultivation. Pathogenesis. Immunity. Laboratory diagnosis of adenoviral infections. Specific prophylaxis.

133.    Poxviruses. Smallpox viruses. Biological properties. Pathogenesis  of disease. Methods of diagnosis and specific prophylaxis. Varicella virus. Liquidation of smallpox in the whole world.

134.    Causative agents  of viral hepatites, properties, classification of viruses. Pathogenesis  of diseases. Laboratory diagnosis. Perspectives of specific prophylaxis.

135.    Oncogenic viruses, classification. L. Zilber’s virus-genetic theory of tumor origin. Mechanisms of a virus cancerogenesis.

136.    Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Properties. Role in pathology. Pathogenesis of AIDS. Methods of laboratory diagnosis of patients and virus carriers. Perspectives of specific prophylaxis, therapy.

137.    Sanitary-indicative microorganisms, demands to them, their value for the characteristics of external environment’s objects.

138.    Microflora of water. Surviving of pathogenic microbes in water. Role of water in transmission of causative agents of infectious diseases.

139.    Sanitary- indicative microorganisms of water. Methods of their examination.

140.    Soil microflora. Role of soil in transmission of causative agents of infectious diseases. The factors, which influence on surviving of pathogenic microorganisms in soil.

141.    Sanitary – indicative microorganisms used for assessment of soil pollution. Methods of examination of soil microflora.

142.    Air microflora, characteristics. Role of air in transmission of causative agents of infectious diseases.

143.    Sanitary-indicative bacteria used for assessment of air pollution in the hospitals (rooms), methods of examination.

144.    Role of water, soil, and air in transmission of virus infections. contaminations. Viruses, which are most often found in the external environment’s objects.

145.    Classification and morphology of fungi. Diseases in man. Methods of laboratory diagnosis.

 

 

6. МЕТHODOLOGICAL DISCIPLINE PROVIDING

 

3.1. Texts of the lectures.

3.2. Methodological materials for practical classes:

1) Students’ methodological instructions for practical classes.

3.3. Lists of studuinf equipments:

9)                 microscopes;

10)            nutrient media;

11)            films;

12)            computer slides;

13)            tables;

14)            slide projector;

15)            computer system;

16)            CD-roms.

3.4. Situation problems

 

 

 

PRACTICAL SKILLS

 

I.                   Observance of rules of antiepidemic regime and safety rules in bacteriological laboratory;

II.                Decontamination of tested material, antiseptic treatment of hands contaminated with microbes;

III.             To fill in the special forms for microbiologic, virologic and serologic  examinations;

IV.            Preparation of smears for microscopic examination (pus, sputum, blood, liquor etc);

V.               To stain the smears by simple methods (fuchsine and methylene blue);

VI.            Light microscopy of smears drugs with immersion objective;

VII.         Differentiation of microorganisms according their morphological and tinctorial properties;

VIII.      To streak the tested material with tampon, bacterial loop, and pipette on solid, semi-solid and fluid media;

IX.            To carry out presumptive agglutination test, to read its results;

X.               To read and value special forms with results of microbiologic examinations;

XI.            To stain the smears by Gram’s, Ziehl-Neelsen’s, Loeffler’s techniques;

XII.         To read results of serologic tests (agglutination test, precipitation test, complement-fixation test, 

XIII.      To carry out and read results of hemagglutination inhibition test, complement-fixation test, neutralization test;

 

 

 

 

LITERATURE

Foreign:

1.     W. Levinson, E. Jawetz/ Medical Microbiology and Immunology/ International edition, 2001.– 582 p.

2.     E. Jawetz, J.Melnnick, E.Adelberg  Review of Medical Microbiology, 2000,  553 p.

3.     Hadbook on Microbiology. Laboratory diagnosis of Infectious Disease/ Ed by Yu.S. Krivoshein, 1989, 319 p.

4.     Ronald M. Atlas. Microbiology in our World, 1995, 576 p.

5.     Essentials of Medical Microbiology / W.A. Volk, B.M. Gebhardt, M.-L. Hammarskjöld, R.J. Kadner.– Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia-New-York, 1995.– 725 p.

6.     M.Gladwin, B. Traller, Clinical Microbiology, 1995, Edition 2 – 273 p.

7.     W. Levinson, E. Jawetz. Medical Microbiology and Immunology. Examination and Board Review/ Lange medical book. Sixth edition, 2000, 536 p.