Medicine and Pharmacy of ancient times and the Middle Ages
Ancient medicine embraces a period of four thousand years BC to four hundred and seventy-six, AD, when the Roman Empire fell. Slave labor has caused its wider separation. Having a variety of handicrafts. Craft separated from agriculture, artisans dawned professionals and professionals-doctors.
As a result of the new social system, new factors of Medicine at the temples. Treatment is carried out in the sacred temples where the sick during sleep through dreams opening received relatively remedies to treat their ailments. (Figure)
For learning the art of healing at temples arranged medical school. Creative role belonged to the old folk medicine, which continued to be the main form of the time. In this period of occupation medicine allocated among other professions.
Traditional medicine has developed into a professional, distinguished medical professionals. Appear first medical school. Each school had its own medicines and medical techniques that have been passed from generation to generation.
Training doctors – professionals held in families. Appear first recording, the first “likuvalnykiv.” Attractions medical literature is a collection of recipes from the regulations how to prepare drugs with a short description of diseases.
According to historical records, the oldest in the world literature and the first medical and pharmaceutical knowledge originated in ancient Egypt for thousands of years BC Somewhat later, but long before the emergence of European culture, science began to develop in Asia – India and China.
The role of the peoples of ancient Egypt in the development of medicine and pharmacy
In ancient Egypt, medicine belonged to the caste of priests, and diligently skryvaly origin and real name they use drugs. Egyptians used such dosage forms as pills, tinctures, teas, ointments, plasters. In the manufacture of drugs, as well as pre proclaimed special prayers.
The source for the study of medicine and pharmacy ancient Egypt is written monuments, papyri that were found during excavations. The most significant document of Egyptian medicine is papyrus Ebers (length 20 m 35 cm, width – 30 cm) and includes 110 pages (including 110 Egyptians meant to the extreme limit of human longevity) and has the inscription “The Book of preparation of medicines for all body parts “folded papyrus in the 16th century. BC Papyrus includes “Book of Eye,” which describes twenty eye diseases, “Treatise on the heart and its vessels” and leads to about 800 recipes.
All drugs are classified by pharmacological action. Heart – a body that is concerned about the ancient Egyptians and accounted repository mind. “Heart speaks – says papyrus – if lay fingers on his head on both hands, legs – everywhere find heart because its vessels pass through all the members.” (Figure)
From the minerals used slivers of silicon oil, caustic soda. Mramor, for example, was used in the form of powder, which zmishuvaly with vinegar.
Egyptians used to healing with vinegar, aloe juice, mint, plantain turpentine, which have been put into practice in the healing of many nations. To produce likiv used corresponding techniques: podribnennya, protsizhuvannya, vidzhymannya and insh.
One of the well-known scholars of ancient Egypt is Imhotap – doctor-specialist, which when hrami in m.Memfisa vidkryv first medical school. He is also the author papirusa, which described different operations, is contained rozbir 48 cases of injuries, which dilyatsya on vylikovani, sumnivni i beznadiyni is indicated by the value of spinal i brain for human organism.
Medicine i likoznavstvo drevniy in India
Drevni book, which Wrote for 1500 years BC certify that already in those days in India were known diseases such as leprosy, tuberculosis i like; health considered normal combination of three pochatkiv: air, mucus i zhovchi. In the resolution of the pharmaceuticals used mercury, gold, Silver, copper, iron and other metals, as well as over 700 different plant means. Gold was considered the strongest ukriplyayuchym tool. It broke on tonenki leaves, nakalyuvalos i 6-7 times hasylosya in molotsi, masli and other liquids, which also served as a medication. Were known antidote against poison i ukusiv zmiy. (Figure)
Written monuments of ancient India is “Ayurveda” (“Knowledge of Life”), in which powered 760 medicinal plants, methods of use of pharmaceuticals for milk, fat, brain, zhovchi.
Medicines were separated by over action, described Medicaments forms, methods of making likiv from all diseases, to prolong life, how to use: rubbing, inhalation, dousing. When pryznachenni likiv takes into account the period of the year, weather, sex, age, body structure. It is known three redakiyi “Book of Life”, the most well-known publication is under the direction of well-known physician Sushruta Olden.
Medicaments India vidriznyalysya exceptional bahatohrannistyu i wealth. Indian Pharmacopoeia numbered to 800 plant pharmaceuticals, much of it until recently still used in scientific medicine of India.
Achieving drevnokytayskoyi Medicine
Much curiosity is Chinese Medicine Pharmacy i that has accumulated extensive experience in the process of development. How to certify historical documents about three thousand years BC China was released the first book about medicines. Net scientific medicine i vynyklyy Pharmacy in China about 1000 years before n.e.Vzhe whereas in China were known many likiv which are extracted from herbs zlakiv, minerals i animals. The main methods of treatment were considered treatment opposite: heat cold i vice versa.
In China, great attention was also given zahalnoukriplyuyuchiy medicine: diyeti, water treatment, therapeutic himnastytsi and massage. In medicine of China was first used acupuncture – a sharp needle prick. Ukoliv purpose was to facilitate the promotion of blood through the vessels, eliminated “zastiy» i thereby eliminate the cause of the disease. In tili man there were 360 “vital points”, which pidlyahaly in different cases stick.
Another typical example of Chinese medicine was prypikannya (“moxa”) of the same vital points inflamed komochkamy dried herbs. I Prypikannya acupuncture was applied with a prophylactic purpose i promote longevity.
A large proportion of the pharmaceuticals plant belongs to the world. In accordance with the division of the body into three zones, the upper part of the plant was used for treatment of upper belt stalk – in diseases medium, roots – lower zone branches – in diseases of the skin i muscles.
From the likiv animal used antlers (antlers young spotted deer), Livers, bone marrow, especially tsinuvalys internal organs i tiger blood. How hemostatic vykorystovuvuvavsya cutaneous glue (gelatin). I also used riznomanitni miniralni substances: mercury, antimony, iron, sulfur, dead-. Kytaytsi used for treatment syfilisu mercury, sulfur – for the treatment of scabies vitaminizovani drugs – for treatment rahitu.
Role of Mesopotamia (Dvorichchya) in the development of medicine
The country, which flows richok Posted by Tigger i Euphrates from Virmenska Mountains in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south, was in Greeks called Mesopotomiya (another name it – Dvorichchya). Now here Posted in Iraq.
Naprykyntsi III i at the beginning of the II millennium BC begins the formation of the Babylonian state in the middle part Dvorichchya in I century BC – In the north-Eastern part formed Assyriya. Since these states important place in the economic i cultural development, particularly in medicine, belongs Babylon.
One of the sources of knowledge of medical affairs at Vavyloni is zvid laws king Hammurapi (eighteenth century. BC). Board Hammurapi period was Drevnyevavylonskoho prosperity of the kingdom. Zvid laws Hammurapi a zibrannya articles Sudebnik, which vyrizani klynopysyu the big balzatovomu stovbi. (Figure)
In Zvodi laws Hammurapi zustrichayutsya vkazivky on ochni i zubni are special operations. Often kodeksi zustrichayutsya vkazivky punishment in the form of damage to: vidrizaty tongue, pull the eye to break bones i like
Herodotus, the Greek historian who lived in In Art. BC, describes the peculiar custom of Babylon: hvori withdrawn on lyudni square i all who passed by, must have been to give them advice with their own experience.
To treat actively used as vegetable means young parosli different plants with animals – fat with mineral – oil. Riznyvsya reception likiv nasche after i eat. Medical records in Vavyloni i Assyriyi staroshumerskiy made to the language that was available to a limited circle of persons i was enalohichna latynskiy serednovikoviy in Europe.
Great influence on the method of treatment was religion. Prayer for vylikuvannya read not by the patients, and the priest, who were between sick i god. Frequent use of vavylonskiy i assyriyskiy medicine substances, which instead are brydkist (unpleasant taste likiv) vyzyvalos their purpose to expel demoniv. It was thought obvious that the patients should be nasty nasty in zasivshomu he demon.
Ancient Greek medicine i Pharmacy
I Medicine Pharmacy Greece were closely bound with religion. Along with “asklepeyonamy” (premises for treatment) at temples existed “asklepeyony» i svitskyh school for doctors and Minor “yatreyi” (hospital) at home in the doctor. The name “asklepeyony” comes on behalf of the physician of ancient Greece Asklepiya (or Aesculapius on latyni). According to legend, Asklepiy lived in Greece Pivnichniy i in the literature is described as the god of healing arts. One with his daughters – Hihiyeya – was a patron of the field of medicine – Hygiene, second Panakeya (zvidky. started to progress the word “cure”) – patroness of medicinal therapy. (Figure)
Treatment dealt mainly zhretsi in temples, which were located outside of the town in sv’yaschennyh groves, mountains, near the year i medicinal mineral springs. The main means of treatment was sacred sleep near nih deity. Zhretsi snovydinnyam patients determined by means against hvorib. The cult of Aesculapius proisnuvav to about 420 BC Medicine at that time i wore svitskyy, ie doctors were civic, military, prydvorni. The duties was to conduct urban doctors warning against measures of Epidemics.
At the hospital vydilyalys premises for storage of medicinal substances. Greek they were called apotheke (preserve, oberihaty) – meant repository of valuable products. Later Electoral term spread to other countries i was i mean pharmacy in its modern sense. Later in Greece appeared independent pharmacies, where doctors worked. There were also schools for the training of physicians by type individual Guest remeslennoho uchenychestva. The most known school in Kinidoli i Kolsi. From the school on the island of Kos in the famous Hippokrat. (Figure)
Teachings of Hippocrates
A great contribution to the development of medicine i Pharmacy vnis znamennytyy scholar of ancient Greece Hippokrat who lived in 460-377 years BC He practiced the following theory: the human tili are four main liquid – blood, phlegm, black bile yellow i, any disease due to violation of the equilibrium of fluids.
Main in their work experience Hippokrat thought i observations near patient beds. In his opinion, a good doctor should determine the condition of the patient at odnim external appearance. Known bahatochyselni labor Hipokrata of medicine “On sv’yaschenu disease”, where he describes the origin i methods olikuvannya epilepsiyi, “On the air, water, terrain i”, indicating the influence of climate, soil, water, public health and insh. Books, which i Wrote Hippokratom his disciples assembled in the so-called “Collection of Hippokrativ” became a source of medical knowledge during a many centuries. (Fig. 1) (Fig. 2)
Particular attention Hippokrat prydavav likoznavstvu, proper storage of drugs i zahotovtsi them.
Hippokrat created a theory of life pharmaceuticals i classification by action on the organism. With pharmaceuticals in times Hippokrata used: water harchuvalni matter: slyzysti, solodki, maslyanysti, fatty, v’yazhuchi, ACUTE, aromatni, smolysti, balzamichni and narkotychni (poppy, mandrake). Hardly used mixtures of substances, vegetable substances were used in the form vidvariv or infusions of whole of plants or juices i resins.
Were known Medicaments such forms as powders, extracts, vidvary, mazi, plastyri, supozytoriyi, pilyuli. Many widely used means – honey, wine, oils, juices of plants – medicinal drugs are simultaneously liquid i i i viscous liquid viscous environments for manufacturing various medicinal forms.
When vyhotovlenni likiv vykorystovuvalylys following techniques: podribnennya, dissolution, infusion, kypyatinnya, protsizhuvannya. In the Universal therapy used Hippokrat Hygiene-diyetychnyy method. With the name of the great scientist linked i represent the high moral accounting for the behavior of the doctor i ethic, and in the broader medical contents, including i pharmacist. In “Klyatvi Hippokrata” requirements are contained troublesome i vidnosytys compassionately to the patient, not to use the knowledge i medicines to the detriment of human being.
Medicine and Pharmacy of ancient Rome
Appearance constant army demanded i development of military medicine: funktsionuvaly military hospital I, appeared positions of military doctors, doctors lehioniv. Medications taken almost exclusively in the form of raw products, blood, dogs, hiyeny, bugs, web etc. i Taken as vegetable, animal i the mineral origin in the form of solid, liquid i soft medicinal forms that required primitive production.
Medicine Rome absorbed the achievements of the previous era while its complement her unique contribution. Her time we learn primarily from written sources. Aulus Cornelius Celsus wrote a treatise in eight books “about medicine.” Valuable work that has brought a lot of data that has been lost due to the death of sources.
Great respect from his contemporaries enjoyed the work Pedaniya Dioskorida (Figure) “On medications”
Klavdiy Galen – the founder of scientific medicine and pharmaceutics
The oldest of pharmacies open during archaeological excavations in the ancient city of Pompeii in Italy, which killed 79 AD, due to the eruption of Vesuvius. Here, in one of the houses was found boxes of medicine, plates for grinding ointments and other items specifically chemist use.
In 2 tbsp. BC physician and scientist Claudius Galen (Fig. 1) (Fig. 2) had a pharmacy on Via saera in Rome, which equipped with its own hospital. The word pharmacy is taken from the Greek and means pantry. As the complexity of medical practice doctor was forced to provide special facilities for storage of medicines. When pharmacies have become independent institutions, they still zberihhly this name.
Pharmacy premises used for the storage of raw materials and production of drugs. Galen began to use extracts from natural substances, and significantly complicated while technology has improved dosage forms. He has developed more than 20 dosage forms: powders, pills, ointments, extracts, teas, solutions, medicine and others. Galen established certain weight is volume and value in the manufacture of extracts, drinks and vidvriv from different parts of medicinal plants. These hoods have become popular in medical usiyi Europe in the XVIth century. were called helenovyh drugs.
In one of his works of Galen mentions 304 rosly7nnyh simple means, 61 – of the earth and metals, 80 – animal.
In the third century. first mentioned the word “pharmaceutae». So called people who engaged not only in manufacturing, but also the treatment of patients.
Development of medicine i Pharmacy in ancient Rome is closely connected with the name Klavdiya Galen, who lived i 131-210 GG BC Nasliduyuchy teaching Hippokrata, Galen argued that the disease is a condition in which the disturbed right shift key elements i body fluids.
Great contribution vnis Galen i in developing Pharmacy. He has developed more than 20 medicinal forms: powders, pilyuli, boluses, infusions, extracts, fatty oils efirni i, beauty mazi i etc. His recipe was quite complicated in composition, neridko vmischuvaly over 10 inhrediyentiv. Particular attention from prydilyav hoods substances with medicinal herbs. Thus he found that the plants are not only useful, but i harmful substances tried zvilnyty Medicaments substances from ballast to give more ochyscheni drugs, developed the concept of “diyuchi beginning.” Later medical preparations which are obtained by extraction with plant material, called “halenovi.” (Figure)
Galen i used to his disciples vyhotovlenni likiv vintovyy press vidzhymu juices, podribnennya i rozrizannya plant material. Galen is the founder of technology likiv. Until recently, the technology of the factory called likiv Technologies herbal preparations (from the sixteenth century.).
Pharmacy Medicine in the era Middle Ages
Period Middle Ages is characterized by:
1. The influence alhimiyi i yatrohimiyi the development of medicine i Pharmacy
2. Increase the number of i medykamentiv complexity of their manufacture have led to the emergence of an independent pharmacy toemergence
3. Leakage of Pharmacy in a particular area of the function i doctor pharmacist
4. Organized the special unique state preparation farmatsevtiv.
3.1. Medicine Halifatah
Early i is developed serednorichchya stipulates to feodalizmu period. At this time the biggest development was the so-called Arab culture.
Alhimiya, its role in the development of Pharmacy.
The Arabs translated into their language left with negative Hellenic, latynski, persydski i indiyski manuscript. Arabs opikaly science, in large cities created centers of science i higher education, library. Medicine Halifati a special honor family i rahuvalas first among the sciences. Significant rozvytolk in Halifatah i got organization of medical affairs. (Figure)
The first returns in respect of the establishment likaren belong to 800, to 1160 in Bahdadi there were over 60 likaren.
Vslid for hospital pharmacy i appeared, the first of which was to be open 754, in halifatah zustrichalys some beginnings state medyttsyny – are special posadoovi person with observations on medicinal i pharmacy, doctors conducted examinations at shkorlah i akdemiyah. Great development in the East reached chemistry, to be exact, so its direction as alhimiya.
His name was in Arabic alchemy period. The word “alchemy” consists of Arabic prefix “al” and “Kimi”, which mean “stone of wisdom.” The main task alhimiyi – Conversion of cheap metals into gold. For this, they tried to find a substance that accelerated “ripening” of gold. This powder Arabah called al-iksir, so dawned word eliksyr. Eliksyr had volodity i chudodiynymy other properties: vylikovuvaty from all diseases i give immortality. (Figure)
Despite zabludzhennya alhimikiv, they had done a lot of discovery, among them – a sirchanoyi, nitric i acetic acid salts Mercury, improving processes such as sedimentation, filtration, Crystallization, zkonstruyovanyy apparatus for distilling water i like Distillation was used for purification and alcohol, which has been called ethyl alcohol, because it otrymuvavsya distilling wine. At the same time, were convinced that alcohol is the most powerful medicine, so it is called “Aqua vitae” (water of life).
Another scientist – Ar case – developed a method of manufacturing gypsum ways i imposition plasters for fixation of a broken bones. He is the first book in Arab literature in medicine in 25 volumes. Describing each disease, Ar-case analizuvav it in terms of Greek, siriyskyh, Indian, Persian i Arab authors, after which he taught his observations i conclusions.
Avitsenna – a prominent scholar of World history
Large scientist Avicenna Arab world is the founder serednovikovoyi Pharmacy. Avitsenna borot far from Bukhara, Tajik. (Figure)
There was education. Scientific i practical work he was engaged in Irani. He has written many papers on the topic of medicinal art lekarstvovedeniya, training officials.
World fame gained through work “Canon of Medicine”. It consists of 5 tomiv, which reissued till nowadays. Two of the books “canon” prysv’yacheni likoznavstvu the second – simple, fifth – a complex of medicinal forms. (Figure)
The second book “canon” is divided into two tracts. The first treatise includes sections about the simple likiv, the recognition properties of simple likiv, a look at some of the external list of medications i i their life. In chetvertiy knyzi Canon is paid much attention i poison antidote. Separately considered poison vegetable, Animal and intoxication these poisons i lukuvannya for poisoning.
In p’yatiy knyzi “canon” Avitsenna Medicaments describes different complicated shapes, the technology of their production i use. Pharmacy Avitsenny for many the centuries ahead Pharmacy Europe. His works have used more than 500 years. Avitsenna also the first required to conduct preceding trial likiv animal i only then assign them human being.
Tibetian medicine.
A special place in the development of medicine era feodalizmu in the East is tibetska medicine. As a special system of treatment she is in India in ancient times, even in dofeodalny era.
The main source of study tibetskoyi edytsyny book is “Chzhudshi induskoho doctor Tso-ZHED-Sean-Well (2. BC), which can be regarded as a generalization of the experience i systematyzatsiyi almost p’yatystolitnoho process i borrowed opinions and practical recommendations with different systems Middle East.
I known other labor tibetskyh medykiv, such as “Sama-radzhi” and insh., Various retsepturnyky that enables the konstaktuvaty following:
1. Tibetski doctors were clearly aware of the healing dose. They had developed imagination of the absolute value of i Relative doses, which accounted for a portion from the original – a toxic dose for humans.
2. They attached great importance Medicaments form i by introducing organisms.
3. They were known Individual vlatyvosti more than 800 plants, various minerals, animals i healing effect of the combination of these substances in various doses.
4. Tibetski doctors prydavaly important substances, which contributed to the dissemination likiv to certain organs.
5. When pryznachenni medicinal preparations necessarily installed the reception, the drink likarstvo (snihovoyu water, wine, nekypyiyachenoyu water), what food to take during the treatment, indicate the mode of the day.
6. Pryvedeni classification of pharmaceuticals for use, medicinal properties, actions, tastes, ways of application.
7. A characteristic feature of tibetskyh propysiv is bahatokomponentnist, because of peculiar ideas about tibettsiv reason i se hvorib which, at summarize, we considered as the result of an imbalance between “the wind” zhovchchyu, mucus.
In basic specifications were separated i auxiliary components “king”, “queen”, “soldiers”, “heralds”, “guard”, “cart before the king i rozchyschayuchi way”, that is, each was allocated inhrediyentu Image i accordance with the importance of the function, which he attributed . Combining in different variants of these indices gives the description of disease treatment schemes i look scenes of war, hunting (with ecstatic disease) _ “royal tour» i etc.
In complex diseases etiolohiyi used Medicaments Mixtures comprised up to 60 i more components Scheme for assembly of multicomponent medicinal compositions in medicine tibetskiy served formulirovka diagnosis, which in order ierarhichnoyi znachuschosti taken into account the following parameters: presence Goryachko-cold, predominance the wind, mucus or zhovchi, textile localization of disease. This was the basis of the principle antyhonizmu properties likiv i pryznakiv disease. This Selection medicinal components was carried out with regard to taste, action i properties.
Medicine and Pharmacy Europe
Medium century in the West are characterized by a new phenomenon, which was not known ancient world – large epidemics. In large port cities of Europe (Venice, Genoa i insh.) Occurred SPECIAL protyepidemichni institutions appeared portovi nahlyadachi – “opikuny health”, later appeared “miski doctors.”
In some major cities have been published are special rules – “Rules”, which were intended to prevent entry i spread contagious hvorib. Vidkryvalysya hospital, bohadelni, Search in monasteries. (Figure)
Hospital served as a practical school for doctors-monahiv, they accumulate experience hvorib treatment, making likiv.
A characteristic feature of Medicine OFFICIAL secondary centuries were complicated Medicaments recipe. Number inshrediyentiv one retsepti neridko reached several tens. A special place occupied antidote – the so-called terpak that included 70 i more parts, the main part – zmiyine meat.
Terpak considered as a means against all internal hvorib, among them “amicable fevers.” Means these tsinuvalys very expensive. Making them is usually conducted publicly, with great urochytistyu, in the presence of invited guests i individuals.
In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. in some European countries royal decrees were separated by function i doctor pharmacist. Doctor forbade trade likamy and pharmacists – to engage in treatment. During this same period was legalized procedure for obtaining pharmaceutical education in Europe (XIII c.). For example, to pharmaceutical education in France was necessary to attend 4 year student in aptetsi, then 10 years work out in the resolution was supported by the pharmacist i only thereafter pass examinations to obtain the title of pharmacist.
At the beginning of the twelfth century. The first mention of aptekariv, which belonged to hildiyi perechnykiv in London. In the first quarter of the thirteenth century. French aptekari mentioned in hildiyi bulochnykiv i torhovtsiv spices. In Italy the first distribution likiv engaged monastyri.
. In connection with the organization of the first pharmacies were prescribed s audit pharmacies oath farmatsevtiv, who prepared the medical preparations, the rules of life i vidpusku poisons.
The first medical school in Solerno i its role in the history of medicine i pharmacy
Center serednovikovoyi medicine were university, which in its original form represented uchenykiv Corporation, which was analogous remissnychym shops. In the eleventh century. Appeared in m.Colerno University, which was transformed with solernskoyi medical school near Naples, in the XI-XII centuries. Some universities in Boloniyi, Paris this, Oksfordi and insh. cities. The number of pupils in these universities was very low, not exceeding a few tens at all faculties. The most progressive role nalezhyla University in Solerno.
The first mention of Solernsku medical school stipulates to the ninth century. Even in ancient Roman koloniyi Solerno, lying to the South from Naples, has been known for its healing climate. Influx of patients in these places pryviv to accumulate doctors.
Here in 1140 the rector of the school was composed by Nicholas Pharmacopoeia (“antydotariy”, ie against the Collection of poisons). Weight system was invented and installed such a system unit – grand (granum) – weight of wheat grain. The average single dose and then Proshko kashok was determined in 20 grand (1 scruple), and daily in 3 scruple (1 dram), weekly rate was 8 drachmas (1 ounce) This number likiv determined by eye, the “pryhoroshnyu.”
Medicine in the period of decay feodalizmu
By the Late Period serednovikov’ya stipulates discovery of America by Columbus (1492), the sea route to India Vasco da Gama (1498). Need production led development engineering, mechanics i other sciences. Widespread knowledge helped start printing. The first medical book contents published in Germany in 1456 on latynskiy the language in 20 years ((1476) published by Canon Avitsenny, in 1490 – Labor Galen.
Late serednovikov’ya characterized by a new trend in chemistry – yatrohimiya (medicinal Chemistry. (Figure)
Yatrohimiya considered the main task of explaining the phenomena of life. In view yatohimikiv in the basis of all physiological processes is Chemical changes in the human organism of some other substances in the participation of various kinds of “frmentiv.” The founder yatrohimiyi considered Paracelsus (1493-1541 years). The son of a Swiss physician, received medical education in Italy. Was disappointed medicine drevnih Greeks i Arabic medicine, he sought new knowledge at universities England, France, Germanyi. (Figure)
Paracelsus claimed that true Chemistry is not producing gold, and vyhotovlenni likiv. Yatrohimiky believed that human organism – a totality of chemical substances, which are in equilibrium, the principal of which is mercury, sulfur i salt.
Using a proxy likiv compounds of antimony, arsenic, silver, lead, must, in the opinion of Paracelsus, vidnovlyuvaty exchange of substances in various diseases.
He studied medicine and plant, recommended to allocate a plant active ingredient in pure form. Paracelsus i its researchers vtanovlyuvaly many devices i aparativ for making likiv, obhruntovaly study of dose. Paracelsus said, “Everything is poison Nothing i did not pozbuto yadovytostya. One dose makes the poison only nezamitnym. “
Effect yatrohimikiv led to growth pharmacies, and this growth vyzvav caused the production of the same chemicals as in pharmacies tried to prepare drugs for the same words. Thus, in one of the dachshunds prazhskoyi pharmacy in 1659 are drugs that hotovyly in pharmacies: copper sulphate, copper oxide, copper sulfate, iron oxide, etc..
Representative of this trend in chemistry was Attached doctor i chemist Iohan Glauber (Fig. 1) (Fig. 2), which has developed a method of producing hydrochloric acid under the influence of acid sirchanoyi on cookery salt. Studying the balance (sodium sulfate), Glauber found that this substance possesses a strong laxative action i called it “chudodiynoyi sillyu”, believing panacea, almost elixir of life.
First name «apothecarius” as a designation of the profession appeared in France in 1178 and England in 1180 In 1224 Frederick II issued a decree on the rights and obligations \ Relations doctors and pharmacists: first doctors zvaboronyalos profit from supplying medicines their patients and join with pharmacists in the agreement, which is aimed at making a profit. Pharmacists are forbidden to treat patients. Were established audit pharmacies pharmacists oath that produced medicines, the rules of storage and dispensing of poisons and secret agents.
In London the first pharmacy was opened in 1345
A – GENERAL LITERATURE
1. Syatynya ML History of Pharmacy: Textbook for higher education. Lviv, 2002. – 660 p.
2. History of Pharmacy Ukraine / R.V.Bohatyrova, Yu.P.Spizhenko, V.P.Chernyh and others. – H.: Flag, Izd UKRF, 1999. -799 P.
3. Gubsky ITS.M., Litvinenko NM The organization and economics of pharmacy. Graduate School, Kyiv, 1976.-421 p.
B – Further Reading
1. CRICOVA VI, VI Prokopyshyn Organization and ECONOMY pharmacy. – Moscow: Medicine, 1991. – 342 p.
2. Toltsman GI Textbook organization farmatsevtycheskoho case. -M.: Medyzdat. 1961.-427 p.
3. Vinogradov NA Of Health in poslevoennыy period. M.: Medyzdat, 1955.-290 p.
4. Borodulin FR History of medicine. M.: Medyzdat, 1961. – 424 p.
5. Reshetnikov SA, book at slozhnыh drugs ibn Synы / / Aptechnoe case. – 1963. – N 2. – P.92-94.
6. Vohralyk VG Vыzыchenskyy ES Essays kytayskoy medicine. – Moscow: Medyzdat, 1961.-273s.
