BACHELOURATE NURSING PROGRAM
Community and Public Health Nursing
PRACTICUM
SYLLABUS: FALL 2009
METHODICAL INSTRUCTION
FOR
PRACTICAL CLASS #1 (5 hours)
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Theme: |
Community Based Nursing. Perspectives in Health Care Delivery. Influences on Health Care Delivery and Community Health Nursing |
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Aim:
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As we enter the new millennium, the opportunities and challenges iursing are boundless and everchanging. New biotechnologies offer opportunities not experienced before: women can give birth to eight living babies in one delivery; multiple defective organs can be replaced; and through genomic typing we soon will be able to anticipate the anomalies that lead to illness. However, challenges abound: millions of people die each year from conflicts resulting in wars and terrorism, drought, and starvation; from preventable ancient, new, and reemerging infectious diseases; and from unhealthy lifestyle choices. In addition, opportunities and challenges confront the nurse personally and professionally. |
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Professional orientation of students |
As a specialty iursing practice, community health nursing offers unique challenges and opportunities. For the nurse entering this field, there is the challenge of understanding and the opportunity to enrich the heritage of early public health nursing efforts while realizing that the world is much changed since the 1900s. There is the challenge of expanding nursing’s focus from the individual and family to encompass communities and the opportunity to affect the health status of populations. |
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Instructor: |
__________________________________________________
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OBJECTIVES:
● Define community health and distinguish it from public health.
● Explain the concept of community.
● Describe three types of communities.
● Diagram the health continuum.
● Differentiate among the three levels of prevention.
● Analyze the six components of community health practice.
● Describe the eight characteristics of community health nursing.
● Describe the four stages of community health nursing’s development.
● Analyze the impact of societal influences on the development and practice of community health nursing.
● Recognize the contributions of selected nursing leaders throughout history to the advancement of community health nursing.
● Explore the academic and advanced professional preparation of community health nurses.
Examples of Multiple Choice Tests
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. To identify members of a community, the nurse should ask all of the following questions EXCEPT
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a. |
what are the relationships of these people |
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b. |
what is the shared culture of these people |
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c. |
what is their greatest health care need |
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d. |
who are the people |
____ 2. All of the following are considered communities EXCEPT
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a. |
homeless shelters |
c. |
rural villages of the world |
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b. |
an individual home |
d. |
refugee groups |
____ 3. One of the major differences between hospital and community care is that community care
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a. |
is not as demanding as hospital care |
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b. |
focuses on groups or aggregates in the community setting |
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c. |
does not use standards of care |
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d. |
is not as responsible for care provided compared to hospital care |
____ 4. The first issue that must be addressed when working with clients in community health nursing is
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a. |
primary health care needs |
c. |
acceptance by the clients |
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b. |
safety issues |
d. |
budgetary considerations |
Answer Section
1. ANS: C
2. ANS: B
3. ANS: B
4. ANS: C
1. Allender, J. A., Spradley, B.W. (2001). Community Health Nursing: Concepts and Practice (5th edition). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 5th edition (January 15, 2001). 799 pages. ISBN-13: 978-0781721226.
2. Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2000). Community and Public Health Nursing (5th Edition)
3. Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2006). Foundations of Nursing in the Community: Community-Oriented Practice (2nd Edition)
4. Allender, J. A., Spradley, B.W. (2004). Community Health Nursing: Promoting and Protecting the Public’s Health (6th Edition) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004. – 992 p.
Selected
1.
2. Hinshaw, A.S. (2000). Nursing knowledge for the 21st century: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32(2), 117–123.
3. Mo-Im, K. (2000). Meeting the challenges of the 21st century. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 32(1), 7–9.
Internet Resources:
1. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has morbidity and mortality weekly reports by state and select cities along with reportable disease trends. This is an excellent site for information on measures and determinants of community health.
2. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs, CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics. Collects and publishes vital statistics from each state. These data can be used by health professionals in examining trends over time and in establishing health improvement plans.
3. http://www.epidemiolog.net, this site contains epidemiology learning materials, including a free online evolving textbook.
Practicum Outline (11:00 am till 13:00 pm)
1. Personal work: Define community health and distinguish it from public health.
2. Group work:
a. Prepare short PPT presentation that will explain the concept of community and describe three types of communities.
b. Prepare short PPT presentation that will analyze the six components of community health practice.
c. Prepare short PPT presentation that will describe the eight characteristics of community health nursing.
3. Personal work: Prepare yourself to oral discussion about the academic and advanced professional preparation of community health nurses.
Students discussion (13:15 pm till 14:00 pm)
Your text states, “The roles of the community health nurse are varied and challenging.” Many of the current roles can be traced to the early nineteenth century when public health efforts focused on environmental conditions such as sanitation, control of communicable diseases, education in personal hygiene, disease prevention and care of sick persons in their homes. Although health threats from communicable diseases, the environment, chronic illnesses, and the aging process have changed over time, the foundational principles and goals of community health nursing have not changed. Many diseases, such a diptheria, cholera, and typhoid fever, have been controlled in developed countries: however, they have been replaced by hepatitis, AIDs, hanta virus, and a resurgence of diseases such as measles and tuberculosis.
Throughout history the roles of the community health nurse have changed to respond effectively to the prevailing public-health problems. The roles have been dynamic, multifaceted and have relied heavily on the science of public health. Part of the ap peal of community health nursing is the result of the autonomy of the practice and the use of problem-solving and decision-making skills in the role.
Read in your textbook Florence Nightingale’s response to the request that she help improve the care of sick and wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. After the Crimean War, Nightingale organized nursing education and hospital nursing, focussing oot only the hospital nurse, but nursing in the community as well. She coined the phrase, “Health Nursing” to emphasize that nursing should strive to promote health and prevent illness. As a result of Nightingale’s work, district nursing was organized throughout
Like Nightingale, community health nurses typically identify health care needs that affect the entire population, mobilize resources, and organize themselves and the community to meet these needs.
Nightingale identified the following five essential points in securing the health of households and in ultimately promoting health: 1)pure air, 2)pure water, 3)efficient drainage, 4)cleanliness and 5)light. Community health nurses continue to focus on the role of health promotion, disease prevention, and environment as they deliver care to their patients.
Settlement houses, Visiting nurses – In the late 1800’s in the
Community health nursing has evolved from a home care service characterized as being delivered by caring women who ministered to both the health and spiritual needs of individuals and families to a broadly based, population-focused discipline that considers communities as it’s scope of practice.
In describing the scope of practice for community health nursing, the major objectives of the community health nurse are stated as “the preservation and improvement of the health of a community: (ANA 1980) Populations or Aggregates are a collection of individuals who have in common one or more personal or environmental characteristics, those who are members of a community definded either in terms of geography (e.g. children attending a special school).
Population-focused practice is the focus of spealization in public health nursing. This focus on community-based populations and the emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention are the fundamental factors that distinguish public health nursing from other nursing specialties.
Public health is “what we, as a society, do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy.” According to the public health nursing section of the American Public Health Association the role of the public health nurse is:
Public health nursing synthesizes the body of knowledge from the public health of the community….Public Health Nursing practice is a systematic procss by which:
The health and health care needs of a population are assessed in collaboration with other disciplines in order to identify subpopulations (aggregates), families, and individuals at increased risk of illness, disability, or premature death.
A plan for intervention is developed to meet those needs, which includes resources available and those activities that contribute to health and its recovery, the prevention of illness, disability, and premature death.
A health care plan is implemented effectively, efficiently, and equitably.
An evaluation is made to determine the extent to which these activities have an impact on the health status of the populaiton (APHA, pp. 3-4)
American Public Health Association
In Summary Community Health Nursing is a practice that is continuous and comprehensive.
Community Health Nursing takes place in a wide variety of settings and includes:
§ Health Education
§ Health Maintenance and Health Restoration
§ Coordination, management and evaluation of Health Care of groups, individuals, and Communities
§ Policy Making
§ Health Promotion
§ Illness Prevention
§ Environmental Assessment
§ Epidemiology
Give answers using textbooks:
1. Identify a community of people about whom you have some knowledge. What makes it a community? What characteristics do this group of people share? Work on this activity in a group of peers or family members. Do they think as you do? Is there a difference between the views of family members and those of nursing student peers?
2. Select three populations for whom you have some concern, and place each group on the health continuum. What factors influenced your decision?
3. Describe three preventive actions (one primary, one secondary, and one tertiary) that might be taken to move each of your selected populations closer to optimal wellness.
4. Select a current health problem and identify the three levels of prevention and corresponding activities in which you as a community health nurse would engage in at each level.
5. Discuss how you might implement one health-promotion effort with each of your selected populations.
1. POP-QUIZ (14:15 pm till 15:00 pm)
Prepared by Nataliya Haliyash
20/01/2008
Approved by Department of General Patient Care. Minute #8 from January 14, 2008
Revised by Department Meeting. Minute #12 from June 17, 2008
Director of
