THE FOURTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS.

THE FOURTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS.

THE FIFTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS.

         The masculine nouns which have the ending –us in Nom. et Gen. Sing., and three neuter nouns which have the ending –u in Nom. Sing. and –us in Gen. Sing.belong to the fourth declension.

E.g.:

arcus, us m – arch,

processus, us m – process,

sinus, us m – sinus,

genu, us n –knee,

cornu, us n – horn,

 gelu, us n – ice, cold

The last word can have the form gelum, i and gelus, us m

 

 Exceptions to the rule

         Some fourth declension nouns are feminine. Among them acus, us f (needle), bolus, us f (bole), manus, us f (hand), Quercus, us f (oak) are most frequently used in medical and pharmaceutical terminology.

 

 

CASE ENDINGS OF THE NOUNS BELONGING

TO FIVE DECLENSIONS

 

 

Examples

 

 

 

                   ductus, us m duct                         genu, us n knee

                   Singularis                            Pluralis

Nom. duct-us         gen-u                        duct-us       gen-ua

Gen.   duct-us         gen-us                      duct-uum   gen-uum

Dat.    duct-ui          gen-u                       duct-ibus    gen-ibus

Acc.    duct-us         gen-u                       duct-us       gen-ua

Abl.     duct-u          gen-u                        duct-ibus    gen-ibus 

 Note: The Fourth declensioouns had ending –ubus in Dat. et Abl. Plur. which later changed into –ibus under the influence of the third declension. Only some fourth declensioouns still have the ending –ubus. Arcus, us m (arch), partus, us m (delivery, child-birth, labo(u)r), Quercus, us f (oak) are among them.

 

 

Greek equivalents of the Latin fourth declensioouns

 

Latin word          Greek equivalent and its stem                Meaning

appetitus, us m            orexis        orex-ia                           appetite

auditus, us m               acusis,        acu-, acus-ia                 hearing

fetus, us m                   embryon     embry-                          f(o)etus

gustus, us m                 geusis         geus-                             taste

manus, us m                 cheir           chir-                              hand

motus, us m                 kinesis         kines-                            movement

olfactus, us m               osme           osm-ia                           smell

partus, us m                 tokos           toc-                                delivery

pulsus, us m                 sphygmos    sphygm-                        pulse

sensus, us m                 aesthesis      aesthes-                         sense

textus, us m                  histos           hist-                               texture

visus, us m                    opsis            ops-ia                   acuteness of vision, vision  

cornu, us n                    keras           kerat-                             horn

gelu, us n                     cryos            cry-                   cold, ice

genu, us n                    gony             gon-                  knee

 

Word terminations

 

Vocabulary

аppetītus, us m   appetite

bolus, us f           clay

decubĭtus, us m   bedsore

 

exĭtus, us m                   exit

fructus, us m       fruit

gustus, us m        taste

manus, us f                  hand

Quercus, us f       oak

spirĭtus, us m      spirit

status, us m                   condition

usus, us m           use

cornu, us n          horn

apparātus, us m apparates

arcus, us m          arch

complexus, us m           complex

ductus, us m        duct

defectus, us m     defect

genu, us n  knee

meātus, us m       meatus

plexus, us m        plexus

processus, us m   process

sinus, us m          sinus

sensus, us m        sense

textus, us m         tissue

visus, us m vision

ad usum externum       for external use

ad usum internum       for internal use

pro usu externo for external use  

pro usu interno   for internal use

abortus, us m      abortion

abscessus, us m   abscess

collapsus, us m    collapse

cursus, us m        course

cursus morbi       course of the disease

gradus, us m       stage

infarctus, us m    infarction

vomĭtus, us m     vomiting

 Exercises

Exercise I

Decline the word combinations in singularis et pluralis:

meatus acusticus – acoustic (auditory) meatus

manus sinistra – left hand

genu sinistrum – left knee

sinus frontalis – frontal sinus

 

Exercise II

Translate the terms into English:

Anatomical

organum visus, arcus venosus palmaris, ductus hepaticus sinister, articulations manus, meatus acusticus externus, cornu minus ossis hyoidei

Histological

ductus secretorius; textus connectives elasticus, sinus ductus, recessus infundibuli

 

Exercise III

Translate the terms into Latin:

Anatomical

plantar arch, external cartilaginous acoustic meatus, cartilage of the acoustic meatus, fingers of the right hand, hepatic duct

Histological

respiratory apparatus, sinuses of the ducts, nervous plexus, organs of senses

Determine the gender and declension of the nouns:

arcus, acus, alvus, corpus, nervus, vulnus, meātus, virus, sinus, sulcus, fructus, bolus, periŏdus.

 

Decline the following word combinations:

meātus acustĭcus

pulsus frequens

sinus frontālis

manus sinistra

genu dextrum

 

Translate into English:

orgănum visus

plexus thyroideus impar

arcus venōsus palmāris profundus

ductus hepatĭcus sinister

ductus sublinguāles minōres

arteria genus inferior laterālis

sulcus sinus sigmodei

articulatiōnes manus

processus clinoideus posterior

meātus acustĭcus externus

cornu minus ossis hyoidei

orgăna sensuum

ductus secretorius

textus connectīvus elastĭcus

arcus secundus

plexus vasculāris submucōsus

 

ductus interlobulāris bilĭfer

complexus juxtaglomerulāris

defectus capĭtis

ductus defĕrens

ampulla ductus deferentis

status gemmālis

sinus ductus

recessus infundibŭli

cursus morbi; situs inversus viscěrum; abortus artificiālis; exĭtus letālis; collapsus haemorrhagĭcus; partus praematūrus; infarctus myocardii; prolapsus recti; statuspraesens aegrōti; insultus ischaemĭcus; abscessus gangraenōsus; vomĭtus felliōsus; habĭtus aegrōti

1) Sarcoidōsis pulmōnum: phasis actīva, cursus progressīvus. Insufficientia respiratoria gradus II.

2) Vitium cordis congenĭtum;  ductus arterialis apertus; hypervolaemia circŭli sanguĭnis minōris, phasis compensatiōnis.

3)     Complexus tuberculōsus primarius,  phasis infiltratiōnis.

4)     Accessus glaucomătis posttraumatĭci secundarii ocŭli dextri acūtus.

Spirĭtus aethylĭcus rectificātus; solutio Jodi ad usum internum; sirŭpus ex fructĭbus Rosae; Spirĭtus Acĭdi formicĭci; Spirĭtus camphorātus; cortex Quercus; fructus Ribis nigri.

 

Latin sayings and aphorisms

 

 

THE FIFTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS

     The nouns which have the ending –es in Nom. Sing. and the ending –ei in Gen. Sing. belong to the fifth declension, e.g.:

facies, ei f – surface, face; caries, ei f – caries.

 NB! The noun dies, ei m (day) is masculine. But when certain period of time is meant then it is feminine, e.g.:

 Dies criticus morbi – the critical day of disease.

 But: dies constituta – the fixed day.

 Nulla dies –not even a day.

 If to compare with other declensions the fifth declensioouns are very few. In the process of the Latin language development a lot of them have become the first declensioouns. E.g. in ancient writings one can find the word materies, ei f (substance), which later changed into material, ae f. There are lots of such examples.

 Not all fifth declensioouns can be plural. The following noun have a plural form.

 dies, ei m(f) day, facies, ei f face, surface, res, rei f thing, cause, species, ei f species, tea.

 Onle the plural form of the noun species, ei f is used in medical terminology, e.g.:

 Species cardiacae – cardiac species (tea)

        

          Singularis             Pluralis

Nom.  species                  species

Gen.   speciei                   specierum

Dat.    speciei                   speciebus

Acc.    speciem                 species

Abl.     specie                    speciebus

 

Note: Species is often called tea (thea) if the character of its action is meant.

 

CASE ENDINGS OF THE NOUNS BELONGING

TO FIVE DECLENSIONS

 

 

 

Vocabulary

 caries, ēi f                           caries

dies, ēi f,m                    day

facies, ēi f                      face

facies Hippocratĭca      Hippocratic face

rabies, ēi f                     rabies

res, rei f                        thing

scabies, ēi f                   scabies

series, ēi f                      series

species, ēi f                    species

superficies, ēi f              surface

 

Greek equivalents of the Latin fifth declensioouns

 

 

Exercise I

Translate the terms into English:

Anatomical

facies articularis, facies temporalis, facies anterior, facies Hippocratica

 

Histological

facies externa, facies superior, superficies plasmica

 

Exercise II

Translate the terms into Latin:

Anatomical

posterior surface, anterior surface of the maxilla, respiratory surface, nasal surface.

Pharmaceutical

Aromatic species; diuretic species; mix to get species.

 

Translate into English:

1. Res rudis plantārum. 2. Sumĭte medicamentum per diem. 3. Da speciērum antiasthmaticārum 100,0. 4. Species ex herbis, e cortĭce, foliis, fructĭbus, radicĭbus,rhizomătis variārum plantārum parantur. 5. Species sunt diuretĭcae, laxantes, amārae, pectorāles, cholagōgae et cetĕrae. 6. Infūsum herbae Absinthii ut amarities amedĭcis praescribĭtur. 7. Praepăra mixtūram pro die. 8. Species pectorāles ut thea coquuntur. 9. Serva species medicātas in loco frigĭdo. 10. Contra rabiem serum antirabĭcum habēmus. 11. Sacchărum amaritiem remedii corrĭgit.

Translate the prescriptions:

1. Recipe:   Cortĭcіs Frangŭlae 3,0

                   Foliōrum Urtīcae 2,0

                   Rhizomătis cum radicĭbus Valeriānae 1,5

                   Olei Foenicŭli guttas V

                   Misce, fiant species.

                   Signa: По 1 столовій ложці тричі на день.

2. Recipe:   Speciērum pectorālium 50,0

Da. Signa:

Samples of species

species aromatĭcae

species antiasthmatĭcae

species carminatīvae

species cholagōgae

species diaphoretĭcae

species diuretĭcae

species laxantes

species pectorāles

species sedatīvae

species stomachĭcae

 

Translate into English

facies lunāta

facies anterior partis petrōsae

facies temporālis

facies articulāris superior

facies anterolaterālis

facies plasmĭca (cytoplasmatis)

superficies plasmĭca

superficies extraplasmĭca

facies extraplasmĭca

facies externa (unguis)

mixtura pro die;

species e foliis, e radicĭbus, e florĭbus et e cortĭce plantārum;

species nervīnae;

speciērum cholagogārum 50,0;

species laxantes.

facies Hippocratĭca;

caries dentium;

 dies critĭcus;

caries sicca;

combustio faciēi;

 hemeralopia congenĭta;

diprosŏpus;

prosopalgia;

 lyssophobia;

rabies paralytĭca;

aprosopia;

caries dentis secundaria;

 hemiprosopoplegia.

Translate into English

oleum Terebinthĭnae, infusum foliōrum Cerăsi; unguentum Hydrargўri cinereum; in capsŭlis gelatinōsis duris; massae pilulārum quantum satis; in tabulettis obductis; extractum Viburni fluĭdum; Olei Menthae piperītae guttas III; emplastrum adhaesīvum bactericīdum; acĭdum hydrochlorĭcum dilūtum; extractum Aloёs fluĭdum; suppositoria cum extracto Opii; chole medicāta consrvāta; in ampullis.

 

Samples of prescriptions

 

Rp.:   Foliōrum Melissae 15,0

         Foliōrum Rosmarīni

         Foliōrum Chamomillae

Foliōrum Lavandŭlae ana 4,6

Foliōrum Lamii albi 2,0

Fructuum Carvi

Fructuum Foenicŭli ana 4,6

Herbae Callūnae

Herbae Passiflōrae

Radīcis Valeriānae

Strobulōrum Lupŭli ana 15,0

Misce, fiant species (nervīnae)

Da. Signa:

 

Rp.:   Speciērum pectorālium 100,0

Da. Signa:

 Rp.:       Tabulettas Ephedrīni hydrochlorĭdi 0,025 numĕro 10.

           Da. Signa:

 Rp.:    Tabulettas Dimecolīni 0,025 obductas numĕro 50

              Da. Signa

 Rp.:    Amidopyrīni 0,25

           Coffeīni–natrii benzoātis 0,1

              Da tales doses numĕro 10 in tabulettis

  Signa:

 

 Rp.:    Ephedrīni hydrochlorĭdi

           Dimedrōli ana 0,025

           Misce, fiat pulvis

           Dentur tales doses numĕro 10

           Signa:

 

 Rp.:    Pulvĕris Xeroformii subtilissĭmi 10,0

           Misce. Da. Signa:

 

Rp.:     Ferri reducti 1,0

           Dentur tales doses numĕro 15 in capsŭlis gelatinōsis

           Signa:

 

Rp.:     Cortĭcis Frangŭlae

           Foliōrum Menthae piperītae

           Rhizomătis cum radicĭbus Valeriānae ana 15,0

           misce, fiant species

           Detur in saccŭlo chartaceo

           Signētur:

 

 Rp.:    Speciērum antiasthmaticārum 100,0

           Da. Signa.

 

 Rp.:    Granulōrum Orāzi 100,0

           Da. Signa:

 

Rp.:     Granulōrum Aethazōli-natrii pro infantĭbus 60,0

           Da. Signa:

 

.Rp.:    Dragee Aminazīni 0,025 numĕro 12

           Da. Signa:

 

Rp.:        Membranŭlas ophthalmĭcas cum Neomycīni sulfate 0,0012 numĕro 30.

           Da. Signa:

Rp.:     Dragee “Hendevītum” numĕro 50

           Da. Signa:

Rp.:     Tabulettas Furadonīni 0,03 enterosolubĭles pro infantĭbus numĕro 20.

           Da. Sіgna:

Rp.:   Solutiōnis Proserīni 0,05 % – 1 ml

                            Dentur tales doses numĕro 6 in ampullis

                   Signa:

Rp.:   Extracti Polygōni hydropipĕris fluĭdi

                   Extracti Viburni fluĭdi ana 20 ml

Misce. Da.

Signa:

Rp.:   Infūsi flōrum Arnĭcae ex 10,0 – 200 ml

Da.

Signa:

Rp.:   Solutiōnis Pilocarpīni hydrochlorĭdi 0,1

Solutiōnis Adrenalīni hydrochlorĭdi 0,1 % 10 ml

Misce. Da. Signa:.

 

Rp.:   Menthōli 0,1

Olei Vaselīni 10 ml

Misce. Da.

Signa:.

Rp.:   Olei Ricĭni 20,0

Xeroformii 1,2

Vinylīni 1,0

Misce, fiat linimentum

Da. Signa:

Rp.:   Succi Aloës 100 ml

Da.

Signa:

Rp.:   Unguenti Tetracyclīni ophthalmĭci 10,0

                   Da.

                   Sіgna.

 

Rp.:   Natrii fluorātis

Boli albae ana 1,0

Glycerīni 1,2

Misce, fiat pasta

Detur.

Signētur:

Rp.:   Chinosōli

Acĭdi borĭci ana 0,2

Butyri Cacao quantum satis, ut fiat globŭlus vaginālis.

Dentur tales doses numĕro 6.

Signa:.

Rp.:   Extracti Belladonnae 0,015

Novocaīni 0,2

Xeroformii 0,1

Ichthyōli 0,2

Butyri Cacao quantum satis, ut fiat suppositorium rectāle

Da tales doses numĕro 20

Signa:

Rp.:   Extracti Bursae pastōris sicci

    Extracti Secālis cornūti ana 3,0

    Pulvĕris radīcis Glycyrrhīzae quantum satis, ut fiant pilŭlae numĕro 30.

Da.

Signa:

Recipe:           Choles medicātae conservātae 250,0

                       Da. Signa.

Recipe: Tabulettas “Sedalgin” numěro 20

                       Da. Signa.

Recipe:           Unguenti Furacillīni 1 % – 25,0

Da. Signa.

Recipe:           Infūsi foliōrum BetŭTHE FOURTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS.

THE FIFTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS.

         The masculine nouns which have the ending –us in Nom. et Gen. Sing., and three neuter nouns which have the ending –u in Nom. Sing. and –us in Gen. Sing.belong to the fourth declension.

E.g.:

arcus, us m – arch,

processus, us m – process,

sinus, us m – sinus,

genu, us n –knee,

cornu, us n – horn,

 gelu, us n – ice, cold

The last word can have the form gelum, i and gelus, us m

 

 Exceptions to the rule

         Some fourth declension nouns are feminine. Among them acus, us f (needle), bolus, us f (bole), manus, us f (hand), Quercus, us f (oak) are most frequently used in medical and pharmaceutical terminology.

 

 

CASE ENDINGS OF THE NOUNS BELONGING

TO FIVE DECLENSIONS

 

 

Examples

 

 

 

                   ductus, us m duct                         genu, us n knee

                   Singularis                            Pluralis

Nom. duct-us         gen-u                        duct-us       gen-ua

Gen.   duct-us         gen-us                      duct-uum   gen-uum

Dat.    duct-ui          gen-u                       duct-ibus    gen-ibus

Acc.    duct-us         gen-u                       duct-us       gen-ua

Abl.     duct-u          gen-u                        duct-ibus    gen-ibus 

 Note: The Fourth declensioouns had ending –ubus in Dat. et Abl. Plur. which later changed into –ibus under the influence of the third declension. Only some fourth declensioouns still have the ending –ubus. Arcus, us m (arch), partus, us m (delivery, child-birth, labo(u)r), Quercus, us f (oak) are among them.

 

 

Greek equivalents of the Latin fourth declensioouns

 

Latin word          Greek equivalent and its stem                Meaning

appetitus, us m            orexis        orex-ia                           appetite

auditus, us m               acusis,        acu-, acus-ia                 hearing

fetus, us m                   embryon     embry-                          f(o)etus

gustus, us m                 geusis         geus-                             taste

manus, us m                 cheir           chir-                              hand

motus, us m                 kinesis         kines-                            movement

olfactus, us m               osme           osm-ia                           smell

partus, us m                 tokos           toc-                                delivery

pulsus, us m                 sphygmos    sphygm-                        pulse

sensus, us m                 aesthesis      aesthes-                         sense

textus, us m                  histos           hist-                               texture

visus, us m                    opsis            ops-ia                   acuteness of vision, vision  

cornu, us n                    keras           kerat-                             horn

gelu, us n                     cryos            cry-                   cold, ice

genu, us n                    gony             gon-                  knee

 

Word terminations

 

Vocabulary

аppetītus, us m   appetite

bolus, us f           clay

decubĭtus, us m   bedsore

 

exĭtus, us m                   exit

fructus, us m       fruit

gustus, us m        taste

manus, us f                  hand

Quercus, us f       oak

spirĭtus, us m      spirit

status, us m                   condition

usus, us m           use

cornu, us n          horn

apparātus, us m apparates

arcus, us m          arch

complexus, us m           complex

ductus, us m        duct

defectus, us m     defect

genu, us n  knee

meātus, us m       meatus

plexus, us m        plexus

processus, us m   process

sinus, us m          sinus

sensus, us m        sense

textus, us m         tissue

visus, us m vision

ad usum externum       for external use

ad usum internum       for internal use

pro usu externo for external use  

pro usu interno   for internal use

abortus, us m      abortion

abscessus, us m   abscess

collapsus, us m    collapse

cursus, us m        course

cursus morbi       course of the disease

gradus, us m       stage

infarctus, us m    infarction

vomĭtus, us m     vomiting

 Exercises

Exercise I

Decline the word combinations in singularis et pluralis:

meatus acusticus – acoustic (auditory) meatus

manus sinistra – left hand

genu sinistrum – left knee

sinus frontalis – frontal sinus

 

Exercise II

Translate the terms into English:

Anatomical

organum visus, arcus venosus palmaris, ductus hepaticus sinister, articulations manus, meatus acusticus externus, cornu minus ossis hyoidei

Histological

ductus secretorius; textus connectives elasticus, sinus ductus, recessus infundibuli

 

Exercise III

Translate the terms into Latin:

Anatomical

plantar arch, external cartilaginous acoustic meatus, cartilage of the acoustic meatus, fingers of the right hand, hepatic duct

Histological

respiratory apparatus, sinuses of the ducts, nervous plexus, organs of senses

Determine the gender and declension of the nouns:

arcus, acus, alvus, corpus, nervus, vulnus, meātus, virus, sinus, sulcus, fructus, bolus, periŏdus.

 

Decline the following word combinations:

meātus acustĭcus

pulsus frequens

sinus frontālis

manus sinistra

genu dextrum

 

Translate into English:

orgănum visus

plexus thyroideus impar

arcus venōsus palmāris profundus

ductus hepatĭcus sinister

ductus sublinguāles minōres

arteria genus inferior laterālis

sulcus sinus sigmodei

articulatiōnes manus

processus clinoideus posterior

meātus acustĭcus externus

cornu minus ossis hyoidei

orgăna sensuum

ductus secretorius

textus connectīvus elastĭcus

arcus secundus

plexus vasculāris submucōsus

 

ductus interlobulāris bilĭfer

complexus juxtaglomerulāris

defectus capĭtis

ductus defĕrens

ampulla ductus deferentis

status gemmālis

sinus ductus

recessus infundibŭli

cursus morbi; situs inversus viscěrum; abortus artificiālis; exĭtus letālis; collapsus haemorrhagĭcus; partus praematūrus; infarctus myocardii; prolapsus recti; statuspraesens aegrōti; insultus ischaemĭcus; abscessus gangraenōsus; vomĭtus felliōsus; habĭtus aegrōti

1) Sarcoidōsis pulmōnum: phasis actīva, cursus progressīvus. Insufficientia respiratoria gradus II.

2) Vitium cordis congenĭtum;  ductus arterialis apertus; hypervolaemia circŭli sanguĭnis minōris, phasis compensatiōnis.

3)     Complexus tuberculōsus primarius,  phasis infiltratiōnis.

4)     Accessus glaucomătis posttraumatĭci secundarii ocŭli dextri acūtus.

Spirĭtus aethylĭcus rectificātus; solutio Jodi ad usum internum; sirŭpus ex fructĭbus Rosae; Spirĭtus Acĭdi formicĭci; Spirĭtus camphorātus; cortex Quercus; fructus Ribis nigri.

 

Latin sayings and aphorisms

 

 

THE FIFTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS

     The nouns which have the ending –es in Nom. Sing. and the ending –ei in Gen. Sing. belong to the fifth declension, e.g.:

facies, ei f – surface, face; caries, ei f – caries.

 NB! The noun dies, ei m (day) is masculine. But when certain period of time is meant then it is feminine, e.g.:

 Dies criticus morbi – the critical day of disease.

 But: dies constituta – the fixed day.

 Nulla dies –not even a day.

 If to compare with other declensions the fifth declensioouns are very few. In the process of the Latin language development a lot of them have become the first declensioouns. E.g. in ancient writings one can find the word materies, ei f (substance), which later changed into material, ae f. There are lots of such examples.

 Not all fifth declensioouns can be plural. The following noun have a plural form.

 dies, ei m(f) day, facies, ei f face, surface, res, rei f thing, cause, species, ei f species, tea.

 Onle the plural form of the noun species, ei f is used in medical terminology, e.g.:

 Species cardiacae – cardiac species (tea)

        

          Singularis             Pluralis

Nom.  species                  species

Gen.   speciei                   specierum

Dat.    speciei                   speciebus

Acc.    speciem                 species

Abl.     specie                    speciebus

 

Note: Species is often called tea (thea) if the character of its action is meant.

 

CASE ENDINGS OF THE NOUNS BELONGING

TO FIVE DECLENSIONS